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. 2021 Jun 17;31:15. doi: 10.1186/s12610-021-00133-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — a Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) serum levels and b AMH to total testosterone (AMH/T) values in azoospermia according to etiology. For AMH serum levels:* (p=0.02) unexplained nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) versus obstructive azoospermia (OA), € (p=0.001) cryptorchidism-related spermatogenic failure (Cryptorchidism) NOA versus OA, # (p=0.04) cytotoxic spermatogenic failure (Cytotoxic) NOA versus OA, $ (p<0.0001) genetic spermatogenic failure (Genetic) NOA versus OA, $$ (p<0.0001) Genetic versus unexplained NOA. $$$ (p=0.04) Cryptorchidism NOA versus Genetic NOA. For AMH/T: ♧ (p<0.0001) Genetic NOA versus OA, ♧ ♧ (p<0.0001) Genetic versus unexplained NOA. ♧ ♧ ♧ (p=0.005) Cryptorchidism NOA versus Genetic NOA. Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with the two-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli post hoc tests. c and d Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) serum levels and AMH to testosterone ratio values in different categories of genetic NOA. ♰ (p=0.0001) Klinefelter syndrome NOA versus Y-chromosome microdeletions NOA. ♰♰ (p=0.0005) Klinefelter syndrome NOA versus Y-chromosome microdeletions NOA. Statistical analysis was performed by the two-tailed Mann Whitney U test. Horizontal bars show median values and interquartile ranges. Dashed lines represent the reference values range for the serum level of AMH [14–78.5 pmol/l]. AMH/Testosterone AMH-to-total testosterone ratio, NOA Nonobstructive azoospermia, OA Obstructiveazoospermia