TABLE 2.

Medicinal plants and their phyotoconstituents validated for various female/male contraceptive activities. Different contraceptive activities studied on medicinal plants could be categorized as follows. Female contraceptive activities: (2A) anti-implantation activity, (2B) abortification, (2C) antifertility, (2D) antiovulatory, and (2E) antiestrogenic activity. Male contraceptive activities: (2F) antispermatogenic, (2G) spermicidal, and (2H) antiandrogenic activity.

Sr. No.	Botanical name, family, Sanskrit name, parts	Chemical composition	Extract	Mode of action in experimental studies	Reference
A Anti-implantation activity
1.	Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb.	Flavonoids, bioflavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols	Benzene, alcoholic	Anti-implantation activity	Anonymous (1996)
	Pinaceae
	Talisa Patra, leaf
2.	Abroma augusta (L.) L.f.	L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-galacturonic acid, and D-glucuronic acid	Alcoholic	Anti-implantation	Maurya et al. (2004), Pokharkar et al. (2010), Kalita et al. (2011)
	Malvaceae
	Pishach karpas, roots
3.	Adhatoda vasica Nees synonym of Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae	Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics flavonoids	Aqueous	Anti-implantation	Pokharkar et al. (2010); Kaur et al. (2011); Raj et al. (2011)
	Vasa, leaves
4.	Ailanthus excelsa Roxb	Sitosterol, quassinoids, and ailantic acid	Ethanolic	Anti-implantation decreased of implant sites	Priya et al. (2012); Tamboli and Konadawar (2013)
	Simaroubaceae
	Maharukha, leaves
5.	Allium cepa L.	Kampferol, β-sitosterol, ferulic acid, and myritic acid	Ethanolic	Anti-implantation inhibition of implant sites	Thakare et al. (2009); Ola-Mudathir et al. (2008)
	Amaryllidaceae
	Palandu, onion, bulb
6.	Aloe barbadensis Mill.	Water, polysaccharides, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and glucomannan	Ethanolic and aqueous	Anti-implantation	Shah et al. (2017), Shah et al. (2016)
	Synonym of aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
	Asphodelaceae
	Kumari, leaves
7.	Areca catechu L.	Alkaloids—pilocarpine, arecaidine, and arecoline	Petroleum ether, alcoholic, and aqueous	Anti-implantation	Garg and Garg (1970); Garg and Garg (1971)
	Arecaceae
	Poogaphala, Nuts
8.	Cassia fistula L.	Alkaloid	Aqueous	Anti-implantation, decreased glycogen content in uterus, and antifertility	Yadav and Jain (2009)
	Fabaceae
	Aragvadha, fruits, bark
9.	Carica papaya L.	Papain, caricacin, carpasemine, and oleanolic glycoside	Pet ether, alcohol, and aqueous ethanol	60 % anti-implantation activity, abortifacient in albino rats	Garg and Garg (1970); Garg and Garg (1971); Das (1980); Sinha and Nathawat (1989); Changamma and Lakshman (2013)
	Caricaceae,
	Papaya unripe fruit pulp, seeds, latex
10.	Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Gamble	Glycosides, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, saponins, and sterols	Ethanol	Postcoital anti-implantation activity	Sharma et al. (1994)
	Asteraceae
	Vanya Jeeraka, seeds
11.	Citrus × aurantium L	Citroflavanoids, glucosides, and triterpenoids	Petroleum ether	Anti-implantation, antiovulatory, abortifacients increased ovarian weight, decreased Graafian follicles, and irregular estrous cycle	Patil and Patil (2013)
	Rutaceae
	Bijaura, seeds
12.	Embelia ribes Burm.f.	Embelin, volatile oil, and fixed oil	Isolated embelin	Anti-implantation and postcoital antifertility activity	Prakash (1981); Nand (1981); Dixit and Joshi (1983)
	Primulaceae
	Vidang, berries
13.	Gloriosa superba L.	Colchicine (superbine)	Hydroalcoholic extract at two different doses	Antifertility, anti-implantation activity in postcoital study, abortifacient activity	Latha et al. (2013)
	Colchicaceae
	Langli
	Root
14.	Grewia asiatica L.	Potassium, calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, and magnesium	Aqueous	Anti-implantation and abortification activity	Kamboj and Dhawan (1982)
	Malvaceae, seeds
15.	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Cyclopeptide alkaloid	Ethanol and benzene extract	Anti-implantation, antiovulatory, increased uterine weight, secretion of estrogenic by atretic follicles, postcoital antifertility	Neeru and Sharma (2008); Vasudeva and Sharma (2008); Hadimur et al. (2014), Pal et al. (1985)
	Malvaceae
	Japa
	Flowers
16.	Mesua ferrea L.	Mesuol, mammegin, mesuaferronea, and mammeuisin	Aqueous	Anti-implantation activity	Seshadri and Pillai (1981); Munshi et al. (1977)
	Calophyllaceae
	Nagakeshara, flowers
17.	Michelia champaca L.	Essential oil	Benzene and hydroalcholic extract	Postcoital anti-implantation activity	Sharma et al. (1994); Taprial et al. (2013)
	Magnoliaceae
	Champaka, Anthers
18.	Momordica charantia L.	Glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oils, triterpenes, proteins, and steroids	Aqueous	Uterine stimulant activity, Antifertility, estrogenic activity	Jamwal and Anand (1962); Saksena (1971)
	Cucurbitaceae
	Karwellaka
	roots, leaves
19.	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Plumbagin	Plumbagin-free alcohol	Anti-implantation and abortifacient activity	Gupta et al. (2011)
	Plumbaginaceae
	Chitrak, root
20.	Ricinus communis L.	Ricinine and isoquinoline	Aqueous	Anti-implantation, increase in diameter of the uterus, and decrease in uterine hormones	Makonnen et al. (1999)
	Euphorbiaceae
	Erand, castor bean
	Seed
21.	Rubia cordifolia L.	Munjistin, purpurin, and pseudopurpurin	Ethanolic extract	Anti-implantation	Maurya et al. (2004)
	Rubiaceae
	Manjishtha
	Root
22.	Sapindus trifoliatus L.	Essential oil	Butanol	Antizygotic, blastocytotoxic, or anti-implantation activity	Pal et al. (2013); Bodhankar et al. (1974)
	Sapindaceae
	Arishtak
	Fruits, pulp, and seeds
23.	Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Fabaceae	Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, anthraquinone, steroid, pholobatannins, and terpenoids	Extract and powder	Inhibit the ovarian function, change the uterine structure, and prevent the implantation	Singh (1990a); Samajdar and Ghosh (2017)
	Sesban
	Leaves
B Abortification activity
1.	Abroma augusta (L.) L.f.	L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-galacturonic acid, and D-glucuronic acid	Alcoholic	Abortification activity	Pokharkar et al. (2010); Kalita et al. (2011)
	Malvaceae
	Pishach karpas, roots
2.	Abrus precatorius L.	Abrin, abrasine, precasine, and precol	Aqueous	Abortifacient activity or antifertility agent with a risk of DNA damage	Sarwat et al. (2009); Kaur et al. (2011); Shrivastava et al. (2007); Azmeera et al. (2012); Priya et al. (2012)
	Papilionaceae
	Gunja, Seeds
3.	Achyranthes aspera L.	Fatty acids, oleonic acid, bisdesmosidic, triterpenoid alkaloids, D-glucuronic, betaine, and achyranthine	Benzene, ethanolic, and chloroform	Abortifacient activity in rabbits	Raj et al. (2011); Vasudeva and Sharma (2006)
	Amaranthaceae
	ApamargaWhole plant,
	Stem bark, Root
4.	Adhatoda vasica Nees synonym of Justicia adhatoda L.	Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids	Aqueous	Abortification activity	Pokharkar et al. (2010); Kaur et al. (2011); Raj et al. (2011)
	Acanthaceae, Vasa, Leaves
5.	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa.	Marmelosin, luvangetin, psoralen, tannins, and marmin	Aqueous extract	Abortifacient activity in albino rats	Gangadhar and Lalithakumari (1995); Sathiyaraj et al. (2010)
	Rutaceae
	Bilva, whole plant, leaves
6.	Annona squamosa L.	Atropine alkaloids, and anonaine	Ethyl acetate extract	Abortifacient induces early abortion	Jain and Dixit (1992)
	Annonaceae
	Custard apple
	Seeds, leaves, and bark
7.	Areca catechu L.	Alkaloids—pilocarpine, arecaidine, and arecoline	Petroleum ether, alcoholic, and aqueous	Abortifacient activity in albino rats and antifertility activity	Garg and Garg (1970); Garg and Garg (1971); Shrestha et al. (2010)
	Arecaceae
	Poogaphala, nuts
8.	Barleria prionitis L.	Acbarlerin, barlerin, ß-sitosterol, flavanol glycoside, and iridoids	Methanol extract	Abortifacient	Gupta et al. (2000)
	Acanthaceae
	Saireyak, Roots
9.	Carica papaya L.	Papain, caricacin, carpasemine, and oleanolic glycoside,	Pet ether, alcohol, and aqueous ethanol	Abortifacient in albino rats and antifertility	Garg and Garg (1970), Garg and Garg (1971); Das (1980); Sinha and Nathawat (1989); Changamma and Lakshman (2013)
	Caricaceae
	Papaya unripe fruit pulp,
	seeds, and latex
10.	Citrus × aurantium L	Citroflavanoids, glucosides, and triterpenoids	Petroleum ether	Abortifacient, increased ovarian weight, decreased Graafian follicles, and irregular estrous cycle	Patil and Patil (2013)
	Rutaceae
	Bijaura, Seeds
11.	Daucus carota L.	Essential oil	Petroleum, ether, benzene, alcohol, and water	Abortifacient activity	Garg (1975); Jansen and Wolhlmuth (2014); Shah and Varute (1980)
	Apiaceae
	Grinjanak, seed
12.	Gloriosa superba L.	Carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides	Ether, chloroform, and ethyl alcohol extracts	Abortifacient activity and significant reduction in number of implants and number of pups born	Malpani and Mahurkar (2018)
	Colchicaceae
	Langli
	Root
13.	Grewia asiatica L.	Potassium, calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, and magnesium	Aqueous	Abortification activity	Kamboj and Dhawan (1982)
	Malvaceae, seeds
14.	Lepidium sativum L.	Lepidine	Methanolic	Abortifacient and antiovulatory	Pande et al. (2002)
	Brassicaceae
	Chandrasur
	Mature explants
15.	Ricinus communis L.	Ricinine and isoquinoline	Aqueous extract	Abortifacient	Makonnen et al. (1999), Sandhyakumary et al. (2003)
	Euphorbiaceae
	Erand, Castor bean
	Seed
16.	Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz	Tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, and polyphenols	Aqueous and ethanol	Abortifacient	Pathak et al. (2005)
	Lythraceae
	Dhataki, flowers
C Antifertility activity
1.	Abrus precatorius L.	Abrin, abrasine, precasine, and precol	Aqueous	Antifertility agent with a risk of DNA damage	Sarwat et al. (2009); Kaur et al. (2011); Shrivastava et al. (2007); Azmeera et al. (2012); Priya et al. (2012)
	Papilionaceae
	Gunja, Seeds
2.	Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.	N-hexacosanol, beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and tannin	Alcoholic	Antifertility activity	Dheeraj (2011)
	Leguminosae—Fabaceae
	Shwet babul, roots
3.	Annona squamosa L.	Atropine alkaloids and anonaine	Ethyl acetate extract	Abortifacient—induces early abortion	Jain and Dixit (1992)
	Annonaceae
	Custard apple
	Seeds, leaves, and bark
4.	Areca catechu L.	Alkaloids—pilocarpine, arecaidine, and arecoline	Nut oil Ethanolic extract	Antifertility activity in female albino rats, antiovulatory, and ovarian weight decreased due to imbalance in gonadotrophins	Garg et al. (1974); Shrestha et al. (2010)
	Arecaceae
	Poogaphala, Nuts
5.	Azadirachta indica A. Juss	Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, and gedunin	Female albino rabbits Seed oil	Antifertility and functional sterility	Vyas and Purohit (2018)
	Meliaceae
	Nimba
	Leaves, flower, and seed
6.	Carica papaya L.	Papain, caricacin, carpasemine, and oleanolic glycoside	Pet ether, alcohol, aqueous, and ethanol	Antifertility	Garg and Garg (1970); Garg and Garg (1971); Das (1980); Sinha and Nathawat (1989); Changamma and Lakshman (2013)
	Caricaceae
	Papaya unripe fruit pulp,
	seeds, and latex
7.	Cissampelos pareira L.	Berberine	Leaf extract	Altered the estrous cycle pattern in female mice, Antifertility	Ganguly et al. (2007); Samatha et al. (2011)
	Menispermaceae, Patha
	Leaves and stem
8.	Cuminum cyminum L.	Cuminal and cuminic alcohol	Extract	Antifertility effect in female albino rat	Priya et al. (2012); Sharma J et al. (2001)
	Apiaceae
	Jeerak, seeds
9.	Crateva nurvala Buch-Ham.	Alkaloids, triterpene, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, sterols, glucosylinate, lupeol, and diosgenin	Ethanol, aqueous	Antifertility effects estrogenic activity	Bhaskar et al. (2009)
	Capparaceae
	Varuna
	Dried stem bark
10.	Curcuma longa L.	Curcumin and flavanoids	Ethanol, aqueous	Propylene glycol solution, antifertility, antiovulatory—suppression of GnRH	Ghosh et al. (2011); Bhagat and Purohit (1986)
	Zingiberaceae
	Haldi, rhizome
11.	Daucus carota L.	Essential oil	Petroleum, ether, benzene, alcohol, and water	Antifertility activity	Garg (1975); Jansen and Wolhlmuth (2014); Shah and Varute (1980)
	Apiaceae
	Grinjanak, Seed
12.	Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.	Lavonoid glycosides, pterocarpanoids, lipids, glycolipids, and alkaloids	Gangeticum	Antifertility effect	Pillai et al. (1982)
	Fabaceae
	Shaliparni, Root
13.	Embelia ribes Burm.f.	Embelin, volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, tannin, christembine (alkaloid), and phenolic acids	Isolated embelin	Anti-implantation and postcoital antifertility activity	Prakash (1981b)
	Primulaceae
	Vidang, Berries
14.	Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke	Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and phenolics	Hexane	Duration-dependent luteolytic changes in the corpora lutea	Pathak et al. (1995)
	Apiaceae
	Heengupatri,
	Dried leaves
15.	Gloriosa superba L.	Colchicine (superbine)	Hydroalcoholic extract at two different doses 30 and 60°mg/kg	Antifertility, anti-implantation activity in postcoital study	Latha et al. (2013)
	Colchicaceae
	Langli, Root
16.	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Cyclopeptide alkaloid	Ethanol and benzene extract	Anti-implantation, antiovulatory, secretion of estrogenic by atretic follicles, and postcoital antifertility	Neeru and Sharma (2008)
	Malvaceae
	Japa
	Flowers
17.	Lawsonia inermis L.	Lawsone, esculetin, fraxetin, isoplumbagin, scopoletin, betulin, betulinic acid, hennadiol, lupeol, lacoumarin, quinone, and napthaquinone	Powder	Preventing pregnancy in 60% of the animals tested	Munshi et al. (1977)
	Lythraceae
	Madayantika
	Leaves
18.	Lepidium sativum L.	Lepidine	Methanolic	Abortifacient and antiovulatory	Pande et al. (2002)
	Brassicaceae
	Chandrasur
	Mature explants
19.	Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae, MalaiVembu	Triterpenoids	Seed extract	Antifertility effect, increased preimplantation, postimplantation, and total prenatal mortalities	Mandal and Dhariwal (2007)
	seed and leaves
20.	Momordica charantia L.	Glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oils, triterpenes, proteins, and steroids	Aqueous	Uterine stimulant activity, antifertility, and estrogenic activity	Jamwal and Anand (1962); Saksena (1971)
	Cucurbitaceae
	Karwellaka
	Roots and leaves
21.	Nigella sativa L.	Fixed oil, volatile oil, and alkaloids	Hexane	Antifertility activity in rats, postcoital contraceptive	Keshri et al. (1995)
	Ranunculaceae
	Krishna jeerak, Seeds
22.	Piper betle L.	Eugenol, eugenol acetate, piper betol, piperol, and methyl eugenol phytol	Alcoholic	Antifertility, antiestrogenic effects in female rats	Sharma et al. (2007)
	Piperaceae
	Betel leaf, Pan
	Petiol
23.	Piper longum L.	Piperine	Powder, hexane fraction, and benzene	Antifertility activity—prolonged the length of the extort cycle, drastic reduction in the number of implantation sites, marked suppression in the ovarian cytokines and nitric acid level	Laxmi et al. (2006); Kholkute et al. (1979)
	Piperaceae
	Pippali
	Root and ruits
24.	Trichosanthes cucumerina L.	Cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, isocucurbitacin B, E, sterols 2 β-sitosterol stigmasterol	Aqueous	Affected the normal estrous cycle, significantly reduced the number of healthy follicles, corpora lutea, and increased the number of regressing follicles. Reduced serum FSH and LH levels	Devendra et al. (2009)
	Cucurbitaceae
	Snake gourd, Fruit
25.	Zingiber officinale	Monocyclic, phenols, sesquiterpenees sential oil, oleoresins, and proteolytic enzymes	Aqueous, ethanol extracts	Antifertility activity	Pathak et al. (2005)
	Roscoe
	Zingiberaceae
	Sunthi
	Rhizome
D Antiovulatory activity
1.	Achyranthes aspera L.	Fatty acids, oleonic acid, bisdesmosidic, triterpenoid alkaloids, D-glucuronic, betaine, and achyranthine	Benzene, ethanolic, chloroform	Antiadulatory, anti-implantation, hormonal disturbance in uterus, and expulsion of ovary	Shibeshi et al. (2006); Vasudeva and Sharma (2006)
	Amaranthaceae
	ApamargaWhole plant,
	Stem bark, Root
2.	Areca catechu L.	Alkaloids—pilocarpine, arecaidine, and arecoline	Ethanolic extract	Antiovulatory, ovarian weight decreased due to imbalance in gonadotrophins	Shrestha et al. (2010)
	Arecaceae
	Poogaphala, Nuts
3.	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, and gedunin	Alcoholic extract flower in Sprague–Dawley rats	Disrupted the estrous cycle and caused a partial block in ovulation	Gbotolorun et al. (2003); Vyas and Purohit (2018)
	Meliaceae
	Nimba
	Leaves, flower, and seed
4.	Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze	Kino-tannic acid, gallic acid, and pyrocatechin	Aqueous extract	Inhibit ovulation	Shrivastava et al. (2007), Sinha and Nathawat (1989)
	Fabaceae
	Palash, bark, and flowers
5.	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton	Steroidal alkaloid	Calotropin, aqueous ethanol	Antiovulatory prolonged di-estrous stage with temporary inhibition of ovulation	Gupta et al. (1990); Abdelgader and Elsheikh (2018); Sharma and Jacob (2001a); Pokharkar et al. (2010)
	Apocynaceae
	Arka, Root
6.	Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.	Saponins, valeric acid resin, wax, and coloring matter	Ethanolic extract, isolated oleic acid	Antiovulatory effect in rabbits, antiimplantation activity in albino rats	Malhi and Trivedi (1972); Pillai et al. (1977)
	Rubiaceae
	Madanphal,
	Fruits, seeds, and pulp
7.	Citrus × aurantium L	Citroflavanoids, glucosides, and triterpenoids	Petroleum ether	Anti-implantation, antiovulatory, abortifacient, increased ovarian weight, decreased Graafian follicles, irregular estrous cycle	Patil and Patil (2013)
	Rutaceae
	Bijaura, Seeds
8.	Curcuma longa L.	Curcumin and flavanoids	Ethanol, aqueous	Propylene glycol solution antifertility, antiovulatory, decreased ovarian weight, suppression of GnRH	Ghosh et al. (2011)
	Zingiberaceae
	Haldi, rhizome
9.	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Cyclopeptide alkaloid	Ethanol, benzene extract	Anti-implantation, antiovulatory, increased uterine weight, secretion of estrogenic by atretic follicles, postcoital antifertility	Neeru and Sharma (2008)
	Malvaceae
	Japa, Flowers
10.	Musa paradisiaca L.	Alkaloids and flavonoids	Ethanolic	Antiovulatory suppressed ovulation due to inhibition in secretion of GnRH	Soni et al. (2013)
	Musaceae, Banana, stem
11.	Papaver somniferum L.	Noscapine alkaloid	Alcoholic extract	Antiovulatory decreased production of gonadotrophin	Kumar and Sachin (2013)
	Papaveraceae
	Ahiphen, Latex
12.	Plumbago rosea L.	Plumbagin, sitosterol glycoside, tannins, and fatty alcohol	Acetone, ethanolic	Antiovulatory inhibition of ovulation with irregular estrous cycle	Sheeja et al. (2011)
	Plumbaginaceae
	Raktachitrak, Leaves
13.	Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Anacardiaceae	Alkaloids	Aqueous and ethanolic	Reversible antiovulatory activity	Sushma et al. (2016)
	Bhallatak
	Fruits
14.	Taxus baccata L.	Pseudo alkaloids	Leaf extract	Antiovulatory, inhibited secretion of ovarian hormones	Priya et al. (2012); Kaur et al. (2011)
	Taxaceae
	Talishpatra Common Yew
	Leaves
15.	Vitex negundo L.	Casticin, isoorientin, chrysophenol D, luteolin, p–hydroxybenzoic acid, and D-fructose	Aqueous	Antiovulatory activity	Lal et al. (1992)
	Lamiaceae
	Nirgundi, roots, and seeds
E Antiestrogenic activity
1.	Allium sativum L.	Sulfur-containing compounds	Alcohol	Ecobolic in mice and rats, estrogenic activity in female albino rats	Tewari et al. (1971); Ola-Mudathir et al. (2008)
	Amaryllidaceae
	Rason, Bulb
2.	Cyperus rotundus L.	Cyperene, humulen, selinene, zierone, campholenicopaene, and limonene	Aqueous	Antiestrogenic property	Gediya et al. (2011)
	Cyperaceae
	Musta, Rhizome
3.	Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Triterpene glycyrrhizin acid and glycoside	Water	Estrogenic activity	Ahmad et al. (2011)
	Fabaceae
	Yashtimadhu, Roots
4.	Guilandina bonduc L. sy. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.	Phytosterinin, β-sitosterol, flavonoids, bonducellin, aspartic acid, arginine, and citrulline β-carotene	Aqueous	Antiestrogenic activity	Salunke et al. (2011)
	Leguminosae
	Karanja, seeds
5.	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae	Hydrocarbons	Ethanolic extract	Antiestrogenic, decreased ovarian weight, estrogens inhibition	Mutreja et al. (2008)
	Kamala, Lotus
	Seeds
6.	Sesamum indicum L.	Oil, protein, and carbohydrate	Extract	Estrogenic effect in female albino rats	Priya et al. (2012)
	Pedaliaceae
	Tila, seeds
7.	Vitex negundo L.	Casticin, isoorientin, chrysophenol D, luteolin, p–hydroxybenzoic acid, and D-fructose	Aqueous	Antiovulatory activity	Lal et al. (1992)
	Lamiaceae
	Nirgundi, roots and seeds
F Antispermatogenic activity
1.	Abru sprecatorius L.	Abrin, abrasine, precasine, and precol	Aqueous	Reduced sperm motility, density, antispermatogenic effect, reduced activity of testicular enzyme, post-testicular antifertility effect	Bajaj et al. (1981); Dixit et al. (1987); Kulshreshtha and Mathur (1990); Sinha (1990)
	Papilionaceae
	Gunja, seeds
2.	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa.	Marmelosin, luvangetin, psoralen, tannins, and marmin	Aqueous extract	Inhibit spermatogenesis and sperm motility male rat reproduction, affecting the sexual behavior and epididymal sperm concentration	Sur et al. (1999); Sur et al. (2002)
	Rutaceae
	Bilva, whole plant and leaves
3.	Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	Melacacidin, D-catechin, β-sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid, and echinocystic acid glycosides	Methanolic extract	Spermatogenic arrest in male albino rats	Gupta et al. (2004); (Gupta et al. 2005a)
	Fabaceae
	Shirish, Pods
4.	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees	Andrographolide, Andrographidoids A, B, C, D, E, diterpenoid, and lactone	Water extract	Antispermatogenic	Akbarsha et al. (1990); Akbarsha and Murugaian (2000)
	Acanthaceae
	Kirattikta, leaves
5.	Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.	Atropine alkaloids and anonaine	Water	Antispermatogenic activity	Satyawati (1983)
	Bromeliaceae
	Custard apple, seeds
6.	Annona squamosa L.	Atropine alkaloids and anonaine	Ethyl acetate extract	Antispermatogenic activity	Jain and Dixit (1992)
	Annonaceae
	Custard apple
	Seeds, leaves, and bark
7.	Areca catechu L.	Alkaloids—pilocarpinearecaidine, arecoline	Water	No abnormality in Leydig cell and interstitium tissue	Ave Olivia et al. (2020)
	Arecaceae
	Poogaphala, Nuts
8.	Aristolochia indica L.	Aristolochic acid, ceryl alcohol, β-sitosterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one, friedelin, and cycloeucalenol	Aristolochic acid	Antispermatogenic	Gupta et al. (1996)
	Aristolochiaceae
	Ishwari, roots
9.	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, and gedunin	Aqueous, alcoholic	Decrease in the weight of seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, reduction in epithelial height, nuclear diameter, and the secretory materials in the lumen	Gediya et al. (2011)
	Meliaceae
	Nimba
	Leaves, flower, and seed
10.	Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.	Bacosides and saponins	Aqueous extract	Reversible suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility, without producing apparent toxic effects	Singh et al. (2013)
	Plantaginaceae
	Brahmi, whole plant
11.	Balanites roxburghii	Saponin, furanocoumarin, and flavonoid	Methanol, palmitine hydroxide	Antispermatogenic activity	Dixit et al. (1981), Agarwal and Dixit (1982)
	Planch.
	Zygophyllaceae
	Ingudi, Fruit pulp
12.	Berberis aristata DC.	Berberine and berbamine	Palmitine hydroxide	Antispermatogenic action	Gupta and Dixit (1989)
	Berberidaceae
	Daruharidra, Roots
13.	Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze	Kino-tannic acid, gallic acid, and pyrocatechin	Aqueous extract	Antispermatogenic effect	Wati and Verute (1988)
	Fabaceae
	Palash, bark, and flowers
14.	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton	Steroidal alkaloid	Calotropin, aqueous ethanol	Antispermatogenic, antiandrogenic activities, and/or endocrine disrupting effects, functional alteration in genital organ	Gupta et al. (1990); Abdelgader and Elsheikh (2018); Sharma and Jacob (2001b) Pokharkar et al. (2010)
	Apocynaceae
	Arka, root
15.	Carica papaya L.	Papain, caricacin, carpasemine, oleanolic glycoside,	Pet ether, Alcohol, aqueous Ethanol	Antispermatogenic activity reduced spermatogenesis, inhibition in steroidal hormones	Changamma and Lakshman (2013)
	Caricaceae
	Papaya, unripe fruit pulp,
	seeds, latex
16.	Celastrus paniculatus	Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoids, phlobatannin, cardiac, and glycoside	Seed	Antispermatogenic activity	Bidwai et al. (1990)
	Willd.
	Celastraceae
	Jyotishmati, seeds
17.	Cichorium intybus L.	Inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, vitamins, minerals, fat, and mannitol,	Aqueous	Antispermatogenic activity	Roy and Venkatakrishna (1983)
	Asteraceae, Chicory
	Whole plant
18.	Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl	Essential oil—camphor, linalool, and cineole	Leaf	Inhibition of spermatogenesis	Singh (1990b)
	Lauraceae
	Karpur
	Camphor, leaves and resin
19.	Cuminum cyminum L.	Cuminal and cuminic alcohol	Extract	Antispermatogenic effect	Priya et al. (2012); Sharma J et al. (2001)
	Apiaceae
	Jeerak, seeds
20.	Embelia ribes Burm.f.	Embelin, volatile oil, and fixed oil	Isolated embelin	Inhibition of spermatozoa motility	Prakash (1981); Nand (1981); Dixit et al. (1983); Gupta et al. (1989)
	Primulaceae
	Vidang, berries
21.	Euphorbia neriifolia L.	β-amyrin acetate, lupenone, 3-acetoxy-20-lupanol, cycloart-25-en-3β, 24ζ-diol, and cycloart	Ethanol	Antispermatogenic effect	Mali (1999)
	Milk brush
	Euphorbiaceae
	Latex, Whole plant
22.	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Cyclopeptide alkaloid	Ethanol, benzene extract	Spermatogenic elements of testis and epididymal sperm count., androgenic activity	Reddy et al. (1997); Gupta et al. (1985)
	Malvaceae
	Japa
	Flowers
23.	Momordica charantia L.	Glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oils, triterpenes, proteins, and steroids	Aqueous	Antispermatogenic, antisteroidogenic activity	Naseem et al. (1998)
	Cucurbitaceae
	Karwellaka
	Roots and leaves
24.	Ocimum sanctum L.	Carvacrol, sesquiterpene, hydrocarbon, and caryophyllene	Benzene extract	Decreased sperm count, weight of testis, and sperm motility	Pandey and Madhuri (2010)
	Lamiaceae, Tulsi, leaves
25.	Piper betle L.	Eugenol, eugenol acetate, piper betol, piperol, methyl eugenol, and phytol	Alcoholic extract	Reduced sperm motility	Adhikary et al. (1989); Sarkar et al. (2000)
	Piperaceae
	Betel leaf, Pan
	Petiole
26.	Piper nigrum L.	Piperine	Fruit powder—suspended in sterile distilled water containing milk powder	Alterations in the male reproductive organs, reversible after cessation of treatment	Mishra and Singh (2009), Malini et al. (1999)
	Piperaceae
	Marich, Black pepper
	Fruit
27.	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Plumbagin	Ethnol	Antispermatogenic	Purohit et al. (2008)
	Plumbaginaceae
	Chitrak, Root
28.	Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.	Santalin A, B, savinin, calocedrin, pterolinus K, L, and pterostilbenes	Water	Semen coagulating activity	Dhawan et al. (1980)
	Fabaceae
	Raktachandan
	Stem bark
29.	Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.	Puerarin, genistein, and daidzein	Methanol	Inhibition of spermatogenesis	Gupta et al. (2004), Gupta et al. (2005b)
	Fabaceae, Varahikand, rhizome
30.	Semecarpus anacardium L.f.	Bhilwanols, phenolic compounds, biflavonoids, and sterols glycosides	Ethanolic	Reduction in the number of primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatids	Gupta et al. (2013); Sharma et al. (2003)
	Anacardiaceae
	Bhallatak, Marking nut, Seeds
31.	Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight &Arn.	Tannins, triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and phytosterols	Crude form	Inhibition of spermatogenesis	Jha and Dixit (1986), Lal and Udupa (1993)
	Combretaceae
	Arjuna, Bark
32.	Tylophora asthmatica (L. f.) Wight &Arn. Apocynaceae	Aempferol, quercetin, tyloindane, cetyl-alcohol, tannins, glucose, calcium salts, and potassium chloride	Pure alkaloid	Antispermatogenic activity	Dikshith et al. (1990)
	Khadki Rasna
	Leaf and stem
G Spermicidal activity
1.	Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.	Hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic, tartaric, citric, succinic, ascorbic acid, alkaloids calyctomine, and nicotine	Alcoholic	Spermicidal and semen coagulating activity	Kamboj and Dhawan (1982)
	Leguminosae-Mimosoideae
	Shikekai, stem bark
2.	Achyranthes aspera L.	Fatty acids, oleonic acid, bisdesmosidic, triterpenoid alkaloids, D-glucuronic, betaine, and achyranthine	Benzene, ethanolic, and chloroform	Spermicidal	Raj et al. (2011); Shibeshi et al. (2006); Vasudeva and Sharma (2006)
	Amaranthaceae
	ApamargaWhole plant,
	Stem bark, Root
3.	Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae	Erythrodiol, uvaol, betulin, oleanolic acid ursolic acid, and β-amyrin	Water extract	Decline germ cell population	Gupta et al. (2003), 2004)
	Saptaparna, stem bark
4.	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, and gedunin	Aqueous and Alcoholic	Spermicidal effect on number of spermatozoa and level of fructose	Gediya et al. (2011), Kasturi et al. (1997)
	Meliaceae
	Nimba
	Leaves, flower, and seed
5.	Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss	Balarenone, barlerin, barlerinosideverbascoside, acetylbarlerin, and lupulinoside	Ethanolic	Reduced sperm motility	Vanithakumar et al. (1989)
	Poaceae, Vansha
	Tender stem
6.	Cannabis sativa L.	Cannabinoids, terpenes, and sesquiterpenes	Butin	Testicular lesions	Dixit and Joshi (1982)
	Cannabaceae
	Bhanga, leaves
7.	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.	Carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and cardicglycoloids	Ethanol	Impairment of sperm	Chaturvedi and Dixit (1997)
	Cucurbitaceae
	Indrawaruni
	Bitter apple, fruits
8.	Daucus carota L.	Essential oil	Petroleum, ether, benzene, alcohol, and water	Spermicidal activity	Garg (1975); Jansen and Wolhlmuth (2014); Shah and Varute (1980)
	Apiaceae
	Grinjanak, Seed
9.	Embelia ribes Burm.f.	Embelin	Embelin in 50 and 100°mg/kg doses	Reversible contraception like activity in male dogs	Nand (1981); Dixit and Bhagava (1983)
	Primulaceae
	Vidang, Berries
10.	Mentha arevensis L.	Alkaloids, steroids, and glycosides	Petroleum ether	Spermicidal Decreased weight of testis, sperm motility, and viability	Sharma and Jacob (2001a)
	Lamiaceae
	Pudina, leaves
11.	Myristica fragrans Houtt	Myristicin, elemicin, myristic acid, alpha-pinene, terpenes, beta-pinene, and trimyristin	Ethanol	Premature ejaculation	Mishra and Shukla (1980)
	Myristicaceae
	Nutmeg, Jatiphal, seeds
12.	Strychnos potatorum L.f.	Strychnine	Seed extract	suppressive effects on male fertility	Gupta et al. (2006)
	Loganiaceae
	Nirmali, Seeds
13.	Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.	Phenolic acids, saponins, lignans, triterpenoids, resveratrol glycosides, arjungenin, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol	Aqueous	Spermicidal activity in rat semen, human semen	Kaur et al. (2011)
	Combretaceae
	Bibhitak
	Fruits
14.	Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f.	Berberine, palmatine D, choline D, diterpene, terpenoids alkaloids, and steroids	Aqueous	Spermicidal Reduced weight of testis, sperm count	Gupta and Sharma (2003)
	& Thomson
	Menispermaceae
	Amrita Giloe
	Stem
15.	Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Fabaceae	Water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and calcium	Aqueous	Spermicidal activity in human and rat semen	Priya et al. (2012)
	Methika, Seeds
16.	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Withanolides	Stem, ethanolic	Reversible spermicidal and infertilizing effect	Singh et al. (2013); Mali (1999)
	Solanaceae
	Ashwagandha
	Stem and root
H Antiandrogenic activity
1.	Aloe barbadensis Mill.	Water, polysaccharides, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and glucomannan	Extract	Antiandrogenic activity on monkeys	Dixit et al. (1983)
	Synonym of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
	Asphodelaceae
	Kumari, leaves
2.	Aristolochia indica L.	Aristolochic acid, ceryl alcohol, β-sitosterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one, friedelin, and cycloeucalenol	Aristolochic acid	Antiandrogenic effects on langur monkey	Gupta et al. (1996)
	Aristolochiaceae
	Ishwari, roots
3.	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees	Andrographolide, andrographidoids A, B, C, D, E, diterpenoid, and lactone	Water extract	Antiandrogenic	Akbarsha et al. (1990); Akbarsha and Murugaian (2000)
	Acanthaceae
	Kirattikta, leaves
4.	Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae	Azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, and gedunin	Seed oil	Antiandrogenic	Sharma et al. (1987); Sinha et al. (1984); Roop et al. (2005)
	Nimba
	Leaves, flower, and seed
5.	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb	Alkaloids	Methanolic	Antisteroidogenic	Gupta et al. (2003)
	Convolvulaceae
	Amarwel, whole plants
6.	Curcuma longa L.	Curcumin and flavanoids	Ethanol, aqueous	Antiandrogenic	Bhagat and Purohit (1986)
	Zingiberaceae
	Haldi, rhizome
7.	Foeniculum vulgare Mill	Anethole, alpha pinene, beta myrcene—pinene, bitter fenchone, camphene, and estragole	Alcoholic	Antiandrogenic	Farooq et al. (1997)
	Apiaceae
	Common fennel, seeds
8.	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	Cyclopeptide alkaloid	Ethanol and Benzene extract	Spermatogenic elements of testis and epididymal sperm count., androgenic activity	Reddy et al. (1997); Gupta et al. (1985)
	Malvaceae
	Japa, Flowers
9.	Mucuna urens (L.) Medik.	L-DOPA, with trace amounts of serotonin, nicotine, and bufotenine	Water	Effect on gonads and sex accessory glands	Udoh and Ekpenyong (2001)
	Fabaceae
	Horase been, Kapikacchu
	Seeds
10.	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Lipid constituents, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and sterol esters free sterols	Nicotine	Antiandrogenic	Londonkar et al. (1998)
	Solanaceae
	Tobacco, leaves
11.	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Plumbagin	Plumbagin-free alcohol	Antiandrogenic	Bhargava (1984)
	Plumbaginaceae
	Chitrak, root
12.	Ruta graveolens L.	Volatile oil	Aqueous extracts	Adverse effects on territorial aggression and sexual behavior in male albino rats	Khouri and Akawi (2005)
	Rutaceae, Rue, leaves
13.	Semecarpus anacardium L.f.	Bhilwanols, phenolic compounds, biflavonoids, and sterols glycosides	Aqueous extracts	Antiandrogenic	Singh (1985)
	Anacardiaceae
	Bhallatak, Marking nut, Seeds