Figure 5.

Detailed environmental sources and transmission routes of AMR–plant‐based food production sector

• Potential sources and transmission routes of AMR (including antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs)) for the food production environment are shown as dark gold boxes, transmission routes as dark gold arrows. AMR can either be introduced from these sources into the food chain, or AMR can also flow from the food production chain to these sources. Black arrows depict the flow of AMR along the food production chain (green boxes). Subcategories of the production chains are shown as folders. Red arrows depict the usage of antimicrobial agents (if applicable) and biocides and the presence and use of heavy metals in food production and its effect on AMR (selection of AMR). Human faecal waste includes treated and untreated wastewater as well as sewage sludge, and livestock animal waste includes fertilisers such as manure. Workers and visitors signify people with access to the production environment, for either professional or other reasons. Wildlife includes all animals with access to the production chain (such as birds, larger mammals) but excludes pests typically associated with food production. Rodents include vertebrate pests such as rats and mice. Arthropods include non‐vertebrate pests such as flies, other insects and beetles. Companion animals are limited to those animals having access to the production environment. Definitions of terms used are given in the glossary