Table 1:
Baseline Characteristics of HF Patients Providing Blood Samples
| Study cohorts | NYHA Class I | NYHA Class II | NYHA Class III | NYHA Class IV | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of samples (N=184) | 9 | 46 | 61 | 68 | |
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 54.8 ± 19.4 | 59.3 ± 13.5 | 60.6 ± 12.7 | 58.8 ± 14.3 | 0.68 |
| Male | 7 (77.8%) | 30 (65.2%) | 50 (82.0%) | 60 (88.2%) | 0.03 |
| Race | 0.02 | ||||
| White | 1 (11.1%) | 20 (43.5%) | 35 (57.4%) | 36 (52.9%) | |
| Black | 2 (22.2%) | 11 (23.9%) | 18 (29.5%) | 14 (20.6%) | |
| Hispanic | 3 (33.3%) | 5 (10.9%) | 6 (9.8%) | 5 (7.4%) | |
| Other | 3 (33.3%) | 10 (21.7%) | 2 (3.3%) | 13 (19.1%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) Median [IQI] | 31.1 [28.5,36.7] | 30.2 [25.4, 34.6] | 30.1 [26.1,35.0] | 29.0 [25.0,31.5] | 0.44 |
| Smoking | 3 (33.3%) | 20 (43.5%) | 35 (57.4%) | 35 (51.5%) | 0.37 |
| Etiology, Ischemic | 2 (22.2%) | 19 (41.3%) | 29 (47.5%) | 31 (45.6%) | 0.52 |
| Hypertension | 4 (44.4%) | 33 (71.7%) | 36 (59.0%) | 43 (63.2%) | 0.35 |
| Diabetes | 1 (11.1%) | 14 (30.4%) | 21 (34.4%) | 21 (30.9%) | 0.57 |
| Atrial fib/flutter | 1 (11.1%) | 15 (32.6%) | 32 (52.5%) | 30 (44.1%) | 0.05 |
| Stroke | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.2%) | 5 (8.2%) | 3 (4.4%) | 0.45 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||
| BUN (mg/dl) | 17.1 ± 3.8 | 25.5 ± 13.2 | 23.9 ± 9.2 | 32.0 ± 19.1 | 0.008 |
| Serum Cr (mg/dl) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.39 |
| Serum CysC (mg/liter) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| eGFRCr (ml/min/1.73m2) | 76.3 ± 19.4 | 63.2 ± 26.5 | 63.7 ± 18.6 | 59.7 ± 23.1 | 0.31 |
| eGFRCys (ml/min/1.73m2) | 77.3 ± 16.0 | 62.0 ± 23.9 | 56.3 ± 23.3 | 48.6 ± 24.8 | 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP (ng/l) Median [IQI] | 515 [271, 694] | 967[219, 2048] | 1541 [557,4017] | 2863 [1817,4606] | <0.001 |
| Na (mmol/l) | 141.6 ± 3.2 | 140.3 ± 3.4 | 140.3 ± 3.2 | 136.6 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.0 ± 15.9 | 28.0 ± 21.7 | 25.9 ± 13.6 | 41.0 ± 66.8 | 0.32 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.3 ± 15.4 | 27.5 ± 21.3 | 29.3 ± 25.3 | 66.9 ± 147.7 | 0.12 |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 215.0 ± 96.1 | 241.6 ± 74.3 | 272.7 ± 99.8 | 343.9 ± 185.8 | 0.03 |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| ln-CRP (mg/L) | 0.5 ± 1.7 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| ln-IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| ln-TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| ln-ET-1 (pg/mL) | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.001 |
| ln-Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 0.6 | 9.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| ln-Isoprostane (pg/mL) | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 0.008 |
| ln-sCD14 (ng/mL) | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 0.002 |
| LPS (EU/mL) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.04 |
| Medications | |||||
| ASA | 5 (55.6%) | 31 (67.4%) | 31 (50.8%) | 40 (58.8%) | 0.39 |
| Coumadin | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (6.5%) | 17 (27.9%) | 6 (8.8%) | 0.002 |
| ACE inhibitors | 3 (33.3%) | 18 (39.1%) | 15 (24.6%) | 3 (4.4%) | <0.001 |
| ARB | 5 (55.6%) | 16 (34.8%) | 31 (50.8%) | 6 (8.8%) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 6 (66.7%) | 27 (58.7%) | 40 (65.6%) | 36 (52.9%) | 0.51 |
| β-blockers | 9 (100.0%) | 45 (97.8%) | 55 (90.2%) | 36 (52.9%) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 5 (55.6%) | 24 (52.2%) | 32 (52.5%) | 39 (57.4%) | 0.93 |
| Loop diuretics | 6 (66.7%) | 33 (71.7%) | 52 (85.2%) | 49 (72.1%) | 0.23 |
| Digoxin | 2 (22.0%) | 5 (10.9%) | 19 (31.1%) | 14 (20.6%) | 0.1 |
| Antibiotics* | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (8.7%) | 8 (13.1%) | 17 (25.0%) | 0.04 |
NYHA, New York Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase, LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide; Cr, Creatinine; CysC, Cystatin C; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; sCD 14, soluble CD14; IL-6, interleukin-6; CRP, C-reactive protein; ET-1, endothelin-1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
Data presented n (%) or mean ± SD as appropriate, unless otherwise noted.
Antibiotic use is defined as any antibiotic use that was indicated for infection that was estimated to have occurred 1 month before stool collection.