Table 1.
Characteristic of pancreatic cancer patients at baseline
| Epidural Ropivacaine Concentration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=215) | High (n=119) | Low (n=96) | p-value | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 125 (58.1%) | 76 (63.9%) | 49 (51.0%) | 0.071# |
| Female | 90 (41.9%) | 43 (36.1%) | 47 (49.0%) | |
| Age | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 63.3 (±8.6) | 62.7 (±8.5) | 64.0 (±8.9) | 0.21* |
| Primary tumor location on pancreas | ||||
| Head | 117 (54.4%) | 71 (59.7%) | 46 (47.9%) | 0.083# |
| Body & Tail | 93 (43.3%) | 44 (37.0%) | 49 (51.0%) | |
| Total Pancreas | 5 (2.3%) | 4 (3.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| AJCC 8th stage | ||||
| Carcinoma in situ | 19 (8.8%) | 11 (9.2%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.4# |
| IA | 32 (14.9%) | 23 (19.3%) | 9 (9.4%) | |
| IB | 60 (27.9%) | 34 (28.6%) | 26 (27.1%) | |
| IIA | 16 (7.4%) | 9 (7.6%) | 7 (7.3%) | |
| IIB | 70 (32.6%) | 34 (28.5%) | 36 (37.5%) | |
| III | 15 (7.0%) | 7 (5.9%) | 8 (8.3%) | |
| IV | 3 (1.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (2.1%) | |
| Primary tumor | ||||
| Tis | 19 (8.8%) | 11 (9.2%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.29# |
| T1 | 46 (21.4%) | 31 (26.1%) | 15 (15.6%) | |
| T2 | 117 (54.4%) | 60 (50.4%) | 57 (59.4%) | |
| T3 | 32 (14.9%) | 16 (13.4%) | 16 (16.7%) | |
| T4 | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Regional Lymph Nodes | ||||
| N0 | 126 (59.2%) | 77 (65.3%) | 49 (51.6%) | 0.13# |
| N1 | 72 (33.8%) | 34 (28.8%) | 38 (40.0%) | |
| N2 | 15 (7.0%) | 7 (5.9%) | 8 (8.4%) | |
| Distant Metastasis | ||||
| M0 | 212 (98.6%) | 118 (99.2%) | 94 (97.9%) | 0.59# |
| M1 | 3 (1.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (2.1%) | |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 39 (18.1%) | 20 (16.8%) | 19 (19.8%) | 0.77# |
| Yes | 166 (77.2%) | 94 (79.0%) | 72 (75.0%) | |
| Unknown | 10 (4.7%) | 5 (4.2%) | 5 (5.2%) | |
| Radiotherapy | ||||
| No | 174 (80.9%) | 94 (79.0%) | 80 (83.3%) | 0.29# |
| Yes | 40 (18.6%) | 25 (21.0%) | 15 (15.6%) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| CA 19-9 (U/ml) | ||||
| <35 | 59 (27.4%) | 32 (26.9%) | 27 (28.1%) | 0.64# |
| 35-200 | 72 (33.5%) | 43 (36.1%) | 29 (30.2%) | |
| >200 | 84 (39.1%) | 44 (37.0%) | 40 (41.7%) | |
| Microvascular Invasion | ||||
| No | 189 (87.9%) | 105 (88.2%) | 84 (87.5%) | 1# |
| Yes | 26 (12.1%) | 14 (11.8%) | 12 (12.5%) | |
| Nerve Invasion | ||||
| No | 63 (29.3%) | 36 (30.3%) | 27 (28.1%) | 0.76# |
| Yes | 152 (70.7%) | 83 (69.7%) | 69 (71.9%) | |
| Fat Invasion | ||||
| No | 54 (25.1%) | 31 (26.1%) | 23 (24.0%) | 0.75# |
| Yes | 161 (74.9%) | 88 (73.9%) | 73 (76.0%) | |
| Resection Margin | ||||
| Negative | 209 (97.2%) | 115 (96.6%) | 94 (97.9%) | 0.69# |
| Positive | 6 (2.8%) | 4 (3.4%) | 2 (2.1%) | |
| Tumor Deposits | ||||
| No | 199 (92.6%) | 107 (89.9%) | 92 (95.8%) | 0.12# |
| Yes | 16 (7.4%) | 12 (10.1%) | 4 (4.2%) | |
| Tumor Differentiation | ||||
| Well differentiated | 19 (8.8%) | 11 (9.2%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.37# |
| Moderately differentiated | 78 (35.9%) | 39 (32.8%) | 39 (40.6%) | |
| Poorly differentiated | 118 (54.9%) | 69 (58.0%) | 49 (51.0%) | |
| Total Opioid Dose (Fentanyl, μg) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 190.5 (±71.1) | 180.0 (±67.3) | 198.9 (±73.3) | 0.049* |
| ASA score | ||||
| 1 | 31 (14.4%) | 15 (12.6%) | 16 (16.7%) | 0.73# |
| 2 | 180 (83.7%) | 101 (84.9%) | 79 (82.2%) | |
| 3 | 4 (1.9%) | 3 (2.5%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| Surgical Procedure | ||||
| Open surgery | 215 (100.0%) | 96 (100.0%) | 119 (100.0%) | 1 |
| Clavien-Dindo Classification | ||||
| <3 | 211 (98.1%) | 95 (99.0%) | 116 (97.5%) | 0.63# |
| ≥3 | 4 (1.9%) | 1 (1.0%) | 3 (2.5%) | |
| Operation Duration (min) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 216.0 (±107.6) | 187.1 (±88.3) | 239.3 (±116.2) | < 0.001* |
#, Mann-Whitney U test; *, independent sample t-test. SD, standard deviation; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.