Table 2.
Cox regression analysis for overall survival
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | p-value | HR | p-value | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 (as reference) | 0.803 | ||
| Female | 0.955 (0.664-1.37) | |||
| Age | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.02 (0.9982-1.042) | 0.073 | ||
| Primary tumor location on pancreas | ||||
| Head | 1 (as reference) | 0.58 | ||
| Body & Tail | 0.884 (0.613-1.27) | 0.509 | ||
| Others | 0.561 (0.138-2.29) | 0.421 | ||
| Primary Tumor | ||||
| Tis | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 |
| T1 | 6.75 (1.6-28.5) | <0.01 | 1.05 (1.02-1.96) | <0.01 |
| T2 | 9.02 (2.21-36.8) | <0.01 | 1.36 (1.21-1.52) | <0.01 |
| T3 | 13 (3.06-55.5) | <0.01 | 1.62 (1.44-1.81) | <0.01 |
| Regional Lymph Nodes | ||||
| N0 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 |
| N1 | 1.63 (1.11-2.38) | 0.012 | 1.48 (1.24-1.69) | <0.01 |
| N2 | 2.92 (1.56-5.45) | <0.01 | 1.72 (1.41-1.99) | <0.01 |
| Distant Metastasis | ||||
| M0 | 1 (as reference) | 0.019 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 |
| M1 | 5.79 (1.82-18.4) | 3.72 (2.71-5.28) | ||
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 1 (as reference) | 0.04 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 0.672 (0.429-0.924) | 0.35 (0.21-0.59) | ||
| Radiotherapy | ||||
| No | 1 (as reference) | 0.436 | ||
| Yes | 1.19 (0.77-1.84) | |||
| CA 19-9 (U/ml) | ||||
| <35 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 |
| 35-200 | 1.74 (1.04-2.91) | 0.036 | 1.27 (0.74-2.28) | 0.322 |
| >200 | 2.42 (1.48-3.95) | <0.01 | 1.76 (1.04-2.99) | 0.031 |
| Microvascular Invasion | ||||
| No | 1 (as reference) | 0.313 | ||
| Yes | 1.3 (0.79-2.15) | |||
| Nerve Invasion | ||||
| No | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | 0.28 |
| Yes | 2.47 (1.54-3.96) | 1.33 (0.78-2.28) | ||
| Fat Invasion | ||||
| No | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | 0.08 |
| Yes | 2.78 (1.66-4.64) | 1.61 (0.941-2.98) | ||
| Resection Margin | ||||
| Negative | 1 (as reference) | 0.252 | ||
| Positive | 0.485 (0.12-1.96) | |||
| Tumor Deposits | ||||
| No | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | 0.289 |
| Yes | 2.37 (1.32-4.23) | 1.44 (0.73-2.92) | ||
| Tumor Differentiation | ||||
| Well differentiated | 1 (as reference) | <0.01 | 1 (as reference) | 0.042 |
| Moderately differentiated | 6.52 (1.57-27.1) | <0.01 | 2 (0.12-34.1) | 0.616 |
| Poorly differentiated | 10.8 (2.65-44) | <0.01 | 2.55 (0.122-46.9) | 0.45 |
| ASA | ||||
| 1 | 1 (as reference) | 0.078 | ||
| 2 | 0.748 (0.466-1.2) | 0.229 | ||
| 3 | 0.275 (0.037-2.05) | 0.208 | ||
| Total Opioid Dose (Fentanyl, μg) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.998 (0.994-1.004) | 0.138 | ||
| Clavien-Dindo Classification | ||||
| <3 | 1 (as reference) | 0.836 | ||
| ≥3 | 0.863 (0.213-3.49) | |||
| Epidural Ropivacaine Concentration | ||||
| Low | 1 (as reference) | 0.03 | 1 (as reference) | 0.03 |
| High | 0.75 (0.58-0.97) | 0.65 (0.44-0.94) | ||
HR, hazard ratio; SD, standard deviation; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.