Table 1.
Anticancer effect of triptolide on different cancers.
| Tumor model | Pathway | Mechanism | Cell or animal model | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | RPL23-MDM2-p53 | Induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell proliferation | Lung cancer A549 cells (CCL‑185™) BALB/cAnNCr‑nu/nu mice |
28 |
| Micro-RNA | Reduce cancer cell migration and invasion | H460, A549, and H358 cells Nondiabetic severe combined immune deficiency γ mice |
29 | |
| PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Induce apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, glycolysis and energy metabolism | H1299 and NCI-H460 cell | 30 | |
| Nrf2-ARE | Enhance cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs | Non-small-cell lung cancer (A549) Mouse lung carcinoma 3LL cell liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell |
32 | |
| Liver cancer | c-Myc/micro-RNA | Induce apoptosis | Liver cancer cell lines SMMC-7721, MHCC-97H, and LM3 HepG2 and Hep3B |
35 |
| gene p53 | Inhibit the vitality of cancer cells Induce apoptosis |
HepG2 and QSG7701 liver cancer cell | 36 | |
| Nerve tumor | ROS/JNK Akt/mTOR |
Induced G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy | U251, U87-MG and C6 cells BALB/c-nu/nu nude mice |
37 |
| IFN-γ | Inhibits PD-L1 expression Reversing the inhibition of CD4+ T cells by cancer cells |
Glioma cell lines, U251-MG, T98G, U87-MG, A172, LN229 and LN18 | 38 | |
| MicroRNA‐138 PI3K/AKT Notch |
Induces apoptosis and inhibits cancer cell migration and proliferation | Human medulloblastoma Daoy cells and human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells | 39 | |
| MicroRNA-181a p38MAPK NF-kB |
Inhibit the proliferation and migration of cancer cells | Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | 40 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | b-Catenin/Wnt | Induces apoptosis of cancer cells | The pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 The S2-VP10 cell lines The BxPC-3, Capan-1 and Human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells Genetically engineered KPC (KrasG12D, P53R172HPDXCre) mice |
177 |
| TLR4/NF-κB | Enhances the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells to GEM | The human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 Balb/c nude mice |
42 | |
| TGF-β/Smad | Modulate tumor microenvironment Reduces extracellular matrix (ecm) production |
The human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 Mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 The human pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1-Luc2 Pancreatic tumor-bearing nude mice |
45 | |
| Prostate cancer | Caveolin-1/CD147/MMPs | Inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion | PC-3 and DU145 human prostate cancer cell | 46 |