Table 2.
Estimated Pooled Effects, Using Robust Variance Estimation, of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Emotion-Related Outcomes.
| RVE Results | k (N ds) | ES (d) | 95% CI | df | p-value | Tau2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MBI vs Inactive Control | ||||||
| All outcomes | 36 (229) | 0.58 | (0.41, 0.75) | 34 | <.0001 | 0.23 |
| By Construct | ||||||
| Depression | 26 (63) | 0.66 | (0.43, 0.89) | 24 | <.0001 | 0.27 |
| Anxiety | 19 (51) | 0.63 | (0.33, 0.92) | 17 | 0.0003 | 0.23 |
| Stress | 11 (27) | 0.44 | (0.20, 0.68) | 9 | 0.0023 | 0.09 |
| Mood | 11 (47) | 0.28 | (0.15, 0.41) | 9 | 0.0009 | 0.05 |
| Combined Mental Health | 7 (14) | 0.75 | (0.12, 1.38) | 6 | 0.0278 | 0.36 |
| By MBI Type | ||||||
| MBCT | 12 (61) | 0.85 | (0.50, 1.20) | 11 | 0.0003 | 0.25 |
| MBSR | 23 (163) | 0.47 | (0.29, 0.66) | 22 | <.0001 | 0.24 |
| By Construct & MBI type | ||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| MBCT | 6 (14) | 1.06 | (0.12, 2.01) | 5 | 0.0300 | 0.52 |
| MBSR | 13 (37) | 0.43 | (0.18, 0.69) | 11 | 0.0030 | 0.11 |
| Depression | ||||||
| MBCT | 11 (29) | 0.72 | (0.38, 1.06) | 10 | 0.0009 | 0.17 |
| MBSR | 15 (34) | 0.62 | (0.29, 0.95) | 14 | 0.0012 | 0.34 |
| MBI vs Active Control | ||||||
| All outcomes | 20 (142) | 0.05 | (−0.10, 0.20) | 19 | 0.4900 | 0.2 |
| By Construct | ||||||
| Depression | 17 (53) | 0.16 | (−0.10, 0.41) | 16 | 0.2045 | 0.28 |
| Anxiety | 14 (50) | 0.03 | (−0.12, 0.18) | 12 | 0.7040 | 0.05 |
| Combined Mental Health | 7 (19) | 0.11 | (−0.37, 0.59) | 6 | 0.6025 | 0.18 |
Note. Effects in boldface reach statistical significance. CI, Confidence interval; d, Effect size (standardized mean difference, where positive values imply improvement); df, degrees of freedom; k, Number of studies; RVE, Robust variance estimation.