Table 2.
Distribution of infant and maternal characteristics according to each infant gut microbiota cluster group
| |
Microbiota at 1 year |
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptive Variable | Cluster 1 (n = 91/405) % (n) |
Cluster 2 (n = 186/405) % (n) |
Cluster 3 (n = 128/405) % (n) |
p-value |
| Categorical | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 47.3 (43/91) | 55.9 (104/186) | 46.1 (59/128) | 0.17 |
| Female | 52.7 (48/91) | 44.1 (82/186) | 53.9 (69/128) | |
| Maternal ethnicity | ||||
| White | 74.7 (68/91) | 86.3 (158/186) | 76.6 (98/128) | |
| Asian | 16.5 (15/91) | 3.8 (7/186) | 11.7 (15/128) | |
| Other | 8.8 (8/91) | 9.8 (18/186) | 11.7 (15/128) | |
| Family income | ||||
| High | 95.5 (84/91) | 92.3 (167/186) | 88.7 (110/128) | 0.71 |
| Low | 4.5 (4/91) | 7.7 (14/186) | 11.3 (14/128) | |
| Birth Mode | ||||
| Vaginal, NO IAP | 42.9 (39/91) | 54.3 (100/186) | 54.3 (69/128) | ≤0.001 |
| Vaginal, IAP | 22.0 (20/91) | 17.9 (33/186) | 27.6 (35/128) | |
| Scheduled CS | 9.9 (9/91) | 14.7 (27/186) | 10.2 (13/128) | |
| Emergency CS | 25.3 (23/91) | 13.0 (24/186) | 7.9 (10/128) | |
| Direct Antibiotic exposure 0–12 months | ||||
| Yes | 19.8 (18/91) | 16.1 (30/186) | 18.8 (24/128) | 0.71 |
| No | 80.2 (73) | 83.9 (156) | 81.3 (104) | |
| Older sibling | ||||
| Yes | 37.4 (34) | 67.2 (125) | 45.7 (58) | ≤0.001 |
| No | 62.6 (57) | 32.8 (61) | 54.3 (69) | |
| Ear infection (0–12 month) | ||||
| Yes | 7.7 (7) | 15.2 (28) | 11.7 (15) | 0.20 |
| No | 92.3 (84) | 84.8 (156) | 88.3 (113) | |
| Breastfeeding status at 6 months | ||||
| None | 25.3 (23) | 24.2 (45) | 30.5 (39) | 0.07 |
| Partial | 49.5 (45) | 58.6 (109) | 58.6 (75) | |
| Exclusive | 25.3 (23) | 17.2 (32) | 10.9 (14) | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy weight | ||||
| Overweight | 38.6 (34) | 45.6 (83) | 46.7 (56) | 0.46 |
| Normal | 61.4 (54) | 54.4 (99) | 53.3 (64) | |
| Continuous | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Gestational age at delivery | 39.49 (1.37) | 39.51 (1.27) | 39.44 (1.38) | 0.88 |
| Age at microbiota sampling | 12.21 (0.89) | 12.67 (1.53) | 12.33 (1.09) | ≤0.001 |
| Maternal prenatal fruit intakea | 3.02 (1.71) | 2.84 (1.49) | 3.10 (1.86) | 0.40 |
Abbreviations: PMCs = Proteobacteria; FMCs = Fimicutes; BMCs = Bacteroidetes; SD = standard deviation; IAP = intrapartum antibiotics; CS = cesarean section.
aTotal fruit intake was defined as the “5-a-day” method calculated as sum of servings of fruit, not including juices, plus servings of juice per day.