Table 4.

Effects of ACA Medicaid Expansion on the Likelihood of Dental Services Use among Non-elderly Adults below 138% FPL Among States Offering Emergency Dental Benefits

	N	Pre-Mean in Treatment Group	p Value of Parallel Trend Test	Effects in 2014		Effects in 2015		Effects in 2016
Panel A: Without Sampling Weights
Any Dental Visits †	13133	0.195	0.020	0.054	(0.042)	0.088	(0.063)	0.051**	(0.019)
Any Preventive Dental Visits †	13133	0.172	0.001	0.025	(0.053)	0.040	(0.078)	0.005	(0.032)
Any Dental Treatment	13133	0.070	0.284	0.033	(0.029)	0.054***	(0.016)	0.059***	(0.017)
Any Minor Treatment	13133	0.008	0.293	0.020*	(0.010)	0.030	(0.027)	0.057*	(0.030)
Any Major Treatment †	13133	0.039	0.001	0.020	(0.026)	0.032	(0.027)	0.014	(0.012)
Panel B: With Sampling Weights
Any Dental Visits †	12379	0.262	0.032	0.012	(0.047)	0.029	(0.073)	−0.012	(0.068)
Any Preventive Dental Visits †	12379	0.243	0.008	0.019	(0.050)	−0.028	(0.088)	−0.062	(0.063)
Any Dental Treatment	12379	0.062	0.091	0.038	(0.033)	0.063**	(0.024)	0.093***	(0.033)
Any Minor Treatment †	12379	0.014	0.431	0.051	(0.034)	0.018	(0.031)	0.056	(0.041)
Any Major Treatment †	12379	0.028	0.001	0.015	(0.016)	0.054**	(0.024)	0.049***	(0.012)

Notes: Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered by state. These effects were estimated from the difference-in-differences model and represent the change in likelihood of use of dental services in 2014, 2015, and 2016 versus 2013 as a result of the Medicaid expansions. All regressions controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, state and year fixed effects.

^*Significant at 10 percent level;

^**significant at 5 percent level;

^***significant at 1 percent level.

^†indicates that point estimates should be viewed with caution due to potential pre-trends in these outcomes that may bias the DD estimates.