Table 2.
Comparison of means (ANOVA) of frequency of search terms across WHO regions and World Bank income level
| Search terms | WHO region | World bank income level | ||||||||||
| Africa | Americas | Eastern Mediterranean | Europe | South East Asia | Western Pacific | P value | HIC | UMIC | LMIC | LIC | P value | |
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |||
| Surgery−specific | ||||||||||||
| Surg*† | 4.4 (−1.3) | 0.7 (−0.3) | 1.8 (−1.1) | 0.2 (−0.2) | 2.9 (−1.5) | 1.5 (−0.6) | 0.0198 | 0.5 (−0.2) | 2 (−0.6) | 1.7 (−0.7) | 4.6 (−1.7) | 0.0276 |
| Injury | 3.2 (−0.8) | 0.5 (−0.2) | 0.3 (−0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 1.3 (−1) | 0.3 (−0.2) | 0.0002 | 0.9 (−0.7) | 0.6 (−0.1) | 1.4 (−0.5) | 2.5 (−0.9) | 0.1057 |
| Trauma | 1.9 (−0.5) | 0.6 (−0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.8 (−0.5) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.0009 | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.7 (−0.2) | 1.1 (−0.5) | 1.2 (−0.3) | 0.23 |
| Operation | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0 (0) | 2.7 (−1) | <.0001 | 0 (0) | 1 (−0.4) | 0.9 (−0.6) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.2197 |
| Operative | 0.7 (−0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.3 (−0.2) | 0.026 | 0.2 (−0.2) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.4 (−0.2) | 0.3 (−0.2) | 0.7019 |
| Operating | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0 (0) | 1.1 (−0.3) | <.0001 | 0.3 (−0.2) | 0.4 (−0.2) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.2 (−0.2) | 0.8311 |
| Open fracture fixation | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.0869 | 0 (0) | 0.1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.433 |
| Inguinal hernia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a |
| Pediatric surgery | 0.1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.3611 | 0 (0) | 0.1 (0) | 0.1 (0) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.7154 |
| Children−specific | ||||||||||||
| Child*‡ | 36.7 (−5) | 7.1 (−1.6) | 7.3 (−2) | 7.9 (−2.7) | 12.6 (−3.1) | 10.6 (−2.4) | <.0001 | 6.7 (−1.2) | 10.7 (−2.5) | 17.7 (−3.5) | 36.6 (−6.2) | <.0001 |
| Immuniz*§ | 3.4 (−0.8) | 1.1 (−0.2) | 1.2 (−0.3) | 1.6 (−0.8) | 3.6 (−1.6) | 2.1 (−0.7) | 0.0984 | 1.3 (−0.4) | 1.4 (−0.4) | 2.5 (−0.6) | 4 (−1.1) | 0.0164 |
| Infant | 3.3 (−0.8) | 1.5 (−0.4) | 1.9 (−0.8) | 1.5 (−0.6) | 2.5 (−1.5) | 2.2 (−0.4) | 0.2736 | 1.8 (−0.5) | 2.2 (−0.6) | 2 (−0.5) | 3.3 (−0.7) | 0.394 |
| Malnutrition | 4.6 (−0.9) | 0.8 (−0.3) | 1.3 (−0.5) | 0.4 (−0.3) | 1.1 (−0.5) | 0.7 (−0.3) | <.0001 | 0.3 (−0.3) | 0.9 (−0.2) | 1.4 (−0.3) | 5.8 (−1.2) | <.0001 |
| Stunt*¶ | 1.3 (−0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.3 (−0.1) | 0 (0) | 0.6 (−0.3) | 0.3 (−0.1) | 0.0002 | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.7 (−0.2) | 1.2 (−0.4) | 0.0026 |
| Pedia*†† | 0.4 (−0.2) | 0.5 (−0.2) | 0.2 (−0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.3 (−0.3) | 0.5 (−0.3) | 0.76 | 0.3 (−0.2) | 0.5 (−0.2) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.5 (−0.2) | 0.648 |
| Wasting | 0.4 (−0.2) | 0.5 (−0.2) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.4 (−0.2) | 0 (0) | 0.3519 | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.3 (−0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1) | 0.6 (−0.3) | 0.1525 |
| Circumcision | 0.4 (−0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.0219 | 0 (0) | 0.2 (−0.1) | 0.1 (0) | 0.3 (−0.2) | 0.2382 |
Statistically significant different means are in bold (Tukey’s Studentised range).
For simplicity in the remaining text of this paper, only English terms will be used to describe the statistics revealed by English, French and Spanish search terms.
†Surg* includes surgery, surgeries, surgical, neurosurgery, and surgeon.
‡Child* includes child, children, childbearing, childbirth, and childhood.
§Immuniz* includes immunization, and immunized.
¶Stunt* includes stunting.
††Pedia* includes pediatric and pediatrics.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; HIC, high-income country; LIC, low-income country; LMIC, low-income and middle-income country; N/A, not available; UMIC, upper-middle-income country.