Table 1.
Amphetamine-type stimulant, cocaine, and any stimulant use and use disorder by adverse childhood experience score.
| Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Scorea | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Variable | 0 | 1 | 2–3 | >=4 | ||||
| No.b | %c (95% CI) | No.b | %c (95% CI) | No.b | %c (95% CI) | No.b | %c (95% CI) | |
| Amphetamine-Type Stimulants | ||||||||
| Lifetimed use | ||||||||
| Yes | 777 | 5.3% (4.8%, 5.8%) | 595 | 7.9% (7.3%, 8.7%) | 688 | 11.8% (10.8%, 13.0%) | 654 | 17.6% (16.0%, 19.4%) |
| No | 16,158 | 94.7% (94.2%, 95.2%) | 8,024 | 92.1% (91.3%, 92.7%) | 6,000 | 88.2% (87.0%, 89.2%) | 3,360 | 82.4% (80.6%, 84.0%) |
| Past-year use | ||||||||
| Yes | 124 | 0.8% (0.7%, 1.0%) | 85 | 1.2% (0.9%, 1.6%) | 104 | 1.7% (1.4%, 2.1%) | 95 | 2.5% (2.0%, 3.1%) |
| No | 16,787 | 99.2% (99.0%, 99.3%) | 8,523 | 98.8% (98.4%, 99.1%) | 6,565 | 98.3% (97.9%, 98.6%) | 3,898 | 97.5% (96.9%, 98.0%) |
| Lifetimed use disordere | ||||||||
| Yes | 111 | 0.7% (0.6%, 0.9%) | 108 | 1.6% (1.3%, 1.9%) | 163 | 2.8% (2.3%, 3.4%) | 185 | 4.8% (4.0%, 5.7%) |
| No | 16,849 | 99.3% (99.1%, 99.4%) | 8,524 | 98.4% (98.1%, 98.7%) | 6,535 | 97.2% (96.6%, 97.7%) | 3,834 | 95.2% (94.3%, 96.0%) |
| Past-year use disordere | ||||||||
| Yes | 20 | 0.1% (0.1%, 0.2%) | 20 | 0.2% (0.1%, 0.4%) | 34 | 0.6% (0.4%, 0.8%) | 38 | 1.0% (0.7%, 1.5%) |
| No | 16,940 | 99.9% (99.8%, 99.9%) | 8,612 | 99.8% (99.6%, 99.9%) | 6,664 | 99.4% (99.2%, 99.6%) | 3,981 | 99.0% (98.5%, 99.3%) |
| Cocaine | ||||||||
| Lifetimed use | ||||||||
| Yes | 1,029 | 6.3% (5.8%, 6.8%) | 834 | 10.4% (9.5%, 11.3%) | 905 | 13.8% (12.8%, 14.9%) | 775 | 19.8% (18.0%, 21.7%) |
| No | 15,907 | 93.7% (93.2%, 94.2%) | 7,782 | 89.6% (88.7%, 90.5%) | 5,783 | 86.2% (85.1%, 87.2%) | 3,240 | 80.2% (78.3%, 82.0%) |
| Past-year use | ||||||||
| Yes | 113 | 0.6% (0.5%, 0.7%) | 93 | 0.9% (0.7%, 1.2%) | 117 | 1.6% (1.2%, 2.1%) | 96 | 2.3% (1.8%, 3.1%) |
| No | 16,800 | 99.4% (99.3%, 99.5%) | 8,506 | 99.1% (98.8%, 99.3%) | 6,556 | 98.4% (97.9%, 98.8%) | 3,910 | 97.7% (96.9%, 98.2%) |
| Lifetimed use disordere | ||||||||
| Yes | 197 | 1.2% (1.1%, 1.5%) | 178 | 2.0% (1.7%, 2.4%) | 244 | 3.6% (3.1%, 4.2%) | 252 | 6.5% (5.6%, 7.6%) |
| No | 16,763 | 98.8% (98.5%, 99.0%) | 8,454 | 98.0% (97.6%, 98.3%) | 6,454 | 96.4% (95.8%, 96.9%) | 3,767 | 93.5% (92.4%, 94.4%) |
| Past-year use disordere | ||||||||
| Yes | 37 | 0.2% (0.1%, 0.3%) | 28 | 0.3% (0.2%, 0.5%) | 41 | 0.4% (0.3%, 0.6%) | 46 | 1.1% (0.8%, 1.6%) |
| No | 16,923 | 99.8% (99.7%, 99,9%) | 8,604 | 99.7% (99.5%, 99.8%) | 6,657 | 99.6% (99.4%, 99.7%) | 3,973 | 98.9% (98.4%, 99.2%) |
| Any Stimulantf | ||||||||
| Lifetimed use | ||||||||
| Yes | 1,349 | 8.6% (8.0%, 9.2%) | 1,067 | 13.6% (12.6%, 14.6%) | 1,160 | 18.3% (17.1%, 19.6%) | 989 | 25.5% (23.6%, 27.6%) |
| No | 15,585 | 91.4% (90.8%, 92.0%) | 7,549 | 86.4% (85.4%, 87.4%) | 5,528 | 81.7% (80.4%, 82.9%) | 3,024 | 74.5% (72.4%, 76.4%) |
| Past-year use | ||||||||
| Yes | 208 | 1.2% (1.0%, 1.5%) | 154 | 1.8% (1.5%, 2.2%) | 191 | 2.8% (2.3%, 3.4%) | 167 | 4.1% (3.3%, 5.0%) |
| No | 16,691 | 98.8% (98.5%, 99.0%) | 8,442 | 98.2% (97.8%, 98.5%) | 6,471 | 97.2% (96.6%, 97.7%) | 3,821 | 95.9% (95.0%, 96.7%) |
| Lifetimed use disordere | ||||||||
| Yes | 271 | 1.7% (1.5%, 2.0%) | 250 | 3.1% (2.6%, 3.6%) | 354 | 5.5% (4.8%, 6.2%) | 371 | 9.2% (8.2%, 10.3%) |
| No | 16,689 | 98.3% (98.0%, 98.5%) | 8,382 | 96.9% (96.4%, 97.4%) | 6,344 | 94.5% (93.8%, 95.2%) | 3,648 | 90.8% (89.7%, 91.8%) |
| Past-year use disordere | ||||||||
| Yes | 55 | 0.3% (0.2%, 0.4%) | 44 | 0.5% (0.3%, 0.7%) | 70 | 1.0% (0.7%, 1.2%) | 76 | 1.9% (1.4%, 2.5%) |
| No | 16,905 | 99.7% (99.6%, 99.8%) | 8,588 | 99.5% (99.3%, 99.7%) | 6,628 | 99.0% (98.8%, 99.3%) | 3,943 | 98.1% (97.5%, 98.6%) |
a
Adverse childhood experience (ACE) score is calculated based on the number of exposures to 10 ACE categories.
b
Unweighted number of individuals
c
The percentages are weighted estimates.
d
Lifetime use indicates a respondent reporting ever use of the substance.
e
Use disorder is assessed based on self-reported questions that correspond to DSM-V diagnosis criteria.
f
Amphetamine-type stimulants and/or cocaine.
Source: National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, United States, 2012–2013 (n = 36,309)