Table 1.
Group demographics and sleep scores with statistical results. Means ± single standard deviations are presented for normally distributed data, while medians (and interquartile ranges) are presented for the nonparametric statistical tests. Number of participants are given for survey results
| Control | PD-RSWA− | PD-RSWA+ | Probability Level and Post-hoc comparisons | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| N (# of females) | 21 (12) | 19 (6) | 22 (9) | NS |
| Age (y) | 60.4 ± 7.3 | 62.6 ± 8.6 | 65.1 ± 6.4 | NS |
| Time since diagnosis (years) | N/A | 1.3 (1.0–3.3) |
1.6 (1.2–4.8) |
NS |
| MDS-UPDRS III | N/A | 35 (27–43) | 38 (27–50) | NS |
| Hoehn &Yahr | N/A | 2 (2-3) | 2 (2-3) | NS |
| Levodopa Eq. (mg)a | N/A | 200 (100 – 317) | 373 (300 – 605) | **PD-RSWA+ > PD-RSWA− |
| MoCA | 27 (25–28) | 28 (24–30) | 28 (26–29) | NS |
| Survey Results | ||||
| n with FOG | N/A | 0 | 6 | |
| n with postural instabilityb | 2 | 4 | 9 | |
| n with RBD diagnosis | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| n with self-reported dream enactment | 0 | 3c | 15 | |
| n on regular melatonin | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| n on clonazepam | 0 | 1 | 1d | |
| n on lorazepam | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| n on SSRIs | 1 | 0 | 4d | |
| PSG scores | ||||
| Tonic chin (%) | 0 (0 – 3.7) | 0 (0 – 1.8) | 7.1 (0 – 18.8) | ***e |
| Phasic chin (%) | 0.9 (0.2 – 1.6) | 0.6 (0.1 – 1.1) | 4.6 (2.1 – 7.1) | ***e |
| Phasic leg (%) | 0.7 (0.1 – 1.4) | 2.2 (0.3 – 4.3) | 7.2 (1.9 – 12.6) | **e |
| Phasic arm (%) | 0.4 (0 – 1.1) | 0.9 (0 – 2.8) | 6.9 (2.3 – 11.5) | **e |
Results are from the Fisher Exact Chi-Square Test (sex), One-Way ANOVA (Age, with Tukey’s HSD for post-hoc comparisons), Mann-Whitney U test (Time since diagnosis, MDS-UPDRS III, Hoehn & Yahr, and Levodopa Eq.), or Kruskal-Wallis test (MoCA score, PSG scores, post-hoc comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test with the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests).
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01,
p < 0.001, NS, not statistically significantly different. N/A, not applicable. The control group was excluded from analysis when measures were not applicable.
Levodopa equivalents were calculated using the Tomlinson method [28].
Postural instability was determined by scores > 0 on MDS-UPDRS 3.12 postural stability.
Although three participants in the PD-RSWA− group answered “yes” to the single RBD question, the descriptions, when available, did not indicate clear dream enactment.
The PD-RSWA+ participant taking clonazepam and an SSRI was also taking an anticonvulsant (lamotrigine).
All follow-ups on the PSG scores showed: PD-RSWA + > Controls, PD-RSWA+ > PD-RSWA−.