A) Viral internalization assays (VIA) were carried out with U2OS or NR-9456 cells transfected with the indicate siRNAs. Internalized viral RNA was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Shown is the average ± SD of 3 independent experiments. Student’s T test was used to determine significance. *, P ≤ 0.02; **, P ≤ 0.007; B) VIAs were performed with SARS-2-S pseudoviruses and 293T-ACE2 cells transfected with the indicated siRNAs. RT-qPCR for the luciferase gene was used to measure internalized pseudovirus. 293T cells and no reverse transcriptase (no RT) served as controls. Shown is the average ± SD of 3 independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used to determine significance. *, P ≤ 0.02; ***, P ≤ 0.001. C) VIAs were performed with BMDMs isolated from mice of the indicated genotypes with JUNV-C1, LCMV or VSV. Shown is the average ± SD of 3 independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used to determined significance. *, P ≤ 0.03; **, P ≤ 0.007. D) MnCl2 treatment increases virus internalization in ear fibroblasts. Shown is the average ± SD of 3 experiments. Student T test was used to determine significance. ***, P ≤ 0.0002.