. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jul 24;17(10):597–617. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-0331-7

Table 1.

Genes regulating glycosylation that are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease

Gene	Change in IBD^a	Role in regulating glycosylation^b	Refs
Cytokines
IL6ST	SNP/Increased	Increased N-glycan galactose	^89,90,93,95
IL10	Decreased	Decreased fucose	^{79,90,92,93,101}
IL23R	SNP	Increased fucose	^{27,85,90,93,99,104}
IL2RA	SNP/Decreased	Decreased N-glycan branching	^90,93,97
Lectins
SELE	Increased	Glycan binding protein	^89,90,93
SELL	Increased	Glycan binding protein	^89,90,93
SELP	Increased	Glycan binding protein	^89,90,93
LGALS9	Increased	Glycan binding protein; immunosuppressive	^90,91,93
Glycosyltransferases and glycosidases
FUT2	Decreased	α1,2-fucosyltransferase	^{16,23,27,85,90,93}
C1GALT1C1	Decreased	Chaperone for T-synthase/core 1 O-glycan synthase	^15,80,90,93
GALC	SNP	Lysosomal galactosidase	^90,93
TMEM258	SNP/Decreased	Oligosaccharyltransferase complex, N-glycan synthesis	^86,90,93
MANBA	SNP	Lysosomal mannosidase	^90,93
MAN2A1	SNP/Increased	N-glycan processing and maturation	^90,93,105
Transcription factors
BACH2	Increased	Increased biantennary monogalactosylated N-glycan with core fucose	^89,90,93
IKZF1	SNP/Decreased	Decreased fucose, increased bisecting GlcNAc, binds glycosyltransferase promoters	^89,90,93,95
RORC	Decreased	Increased fucose, transcription factor for ILC3 and subsequent FUT2 induction	^27,90,93
HNF4A	SNP/Decreased	Increased fucose, increased GDP-fucose and fucosyltransferase	^{89,90,93,98,100,103}
STAT3	Increased	Increased FUT2 via immune signalling	^{27,85,90,93,99,102}
Gut pH/ion channel
SLC9A3	Decreased	Na/H exchanger; gene deletion increases gut lumen pH and bacteria-induced fucose	^{85,90,93,94,96}

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or gene/transcript increase or decrease; SNP/increased or SNP/decreased implies that both SNPs and a change in transcript levels are implicated in IBD.

Increased or decreased implies positive or negative correlation with transcript level; for example, ‘increased’ in this column corresponds to an increase in IBD if the transcript is increased in IBD (see Change in IBD column), but if the transcript is decreased in IBD ‘increased’ in this column would imply a decrease in IBD.