Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables among three groups.
| Control (n = 107) | Prediabetes (n = 110) | Diabetes mellitus (n = 626) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 58.60 (±17.53) | 62.15 (±15.25) | 65.36 (±13.96) | 0.001 |
| BMI | 28.07 (±8.06) | 29.77 (±8.29) | 30.11 (±8.22) | 0.024 |
|
| ||||
| Outcome | ||||
| Mortality | 32 (29.91%) | 35 (31.82%) | 244 (38.98%) | 0.036 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 33 (30.84%) | 34 (30.91%) | 250 (39.94%) | 0.027 |
|
| ||||
| Gender | 0.314 | |||
| Female | 38 (35.51%) | 45 (40.91%) | 258 (41.21%) | |
| Male | 69 (64.49%) | 65 (59.09%) | 368 (58.79%) | |
|
| ||||
| Ethnicity | 0.162 | |||
| Black | 39 (36.45%) | 28 (25.45%) | 181 (28.91%) | |
| Caucasian | 4 (03.74%) | 1 (00.91%) | 11 (01.76%) | |
| Latinx | 56 (52.34%) | 72 (65.45%) | 374 (59.74%) | |
| Others | 8 (07.48%) | 9 (08.18%) | 60 (09.58%) | |
|
| ||||
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Fever | 64 (59.81%) | 71 (64.55%) | 368 (58.79%) | 0.57 |
| Cough | 69 (64.49%) | 69 (62.73%) | 379 (60.54%) | 0.403 |
| Shortness of breath | 67 (62.62%) | 74 (67.27%) | 408 (65.18%) | 0.757 |
| Myalgia | 27 (25.23%) | 37 (33.64%) | 166 (26.52%) | 0.774 |
| Headache | 8 (07.48%) | 9 (08.18%) | 46 (07.35%) | 0.883 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 12 (11.21%) | 18 (16.36%) | 87 (13.90%) | 0.673 |
| Abdominal discomfort | 35 (32.71%) | 29 (26.36%) | 205 (32.75%) | 0.644 |
| Diarrhea | 15 (14.02%) | 13 (11.82%) | 85 (13.58%) | 0.951 |
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| ||||
| Comorbid medical conditions | ||||
| HIV/AIDS | 18 (16.82%) | 8 (07.27%) | 40 (06.41%) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 52 (48.60%) | 63 (57.27%) | 482 (77.24%) | 0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 2 (01.87%) | 1 (00.91%) | 7 (01.12%) | 0.603 |
| Congestive heart failure | 9 (08.41%) | 12 (10.91%) | 75 (12.02%) | 0.28 |
| Coronary artery disease | 6 (05.61%) | 9 (08.18%) | 97 (15.54%) | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8 (07.48%) | 7 (06.36%) | 74 (11.88%) | 0.07 |
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| SARS-CoV-2 management | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 74 (69.16%) | 86 (78.18%) | 498 (79.55%) | 0.025 |
| Antiviral agents | 13 (12.15%) | 14 (12.73%) | 52 (08.31%) | 0.104 |
| Antibiotics | 100 (93.46%) | 104 (94.55%) | 600 (95.85%) | 0.241 |
| Tamiflu | 90 (84.11%) | 96 (87.27%) | 565 (90.26%) | 0.046 |
| Remdesivir | 0 (00.00%) | 2 (01.82%) | 7 (01.12%) | 0.486 |
| Anticonvalescent plasma | 1 (00.93%) | 6 (05.45%) | 20 (03.19%) | 0.486 |
| Steroids | 45 (42.06%) | 47 (42.73%) | 237 (37.86%) | 0.288 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 60 (56.07%) | 77 (70.00%) | 394 (62.94%) | 0.471 |
| Tocilizumab | 5 (04.67%) | 9 (08.18%) | 65 (10.38%) | 0.055 |
|
| ||||
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.57 (4.60) | 1.73 (±3.13) | 2.20 (±2.59) | 0.607 |
| White blood cell count (k/μL) | 8.65 (±8.64) | 8.17 (±3.89) | 8.93 (±7.00) | 0.476 |
| Absolute neutrophil count (k/μL) | 6.32 (±3.47) | 6.60 (±3.51) | 7.14 (±4.24) | 0.03 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (k/μL) | 1.72 (±8.09) | 0.98 (±0.66) | 1.17 (±5.20) | 0.458 |
| ANC/ALC ratio | 10.23 (±11.90) | 9.41 (±7.74) | 10.20 (±11.28) | 0.83 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 385.77 (±233.88) | 399.52 (±223.72) | 415.71 (±235.91) | 0.223 |
| Serum lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 447.54 (±234.92) | 463.17 (±177.18) | 447.62 (±212.98) | 0.813 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 109.18 (±110.48) | 130.33 (±88.31) | 144.31 (±113.27) | 0.005 |
| Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | 371.06 (±267.68) | 390.66 (±254.71) | 390.34 (±259.06) | 0.569 |