Table 1.
Y. pestis protein subunit and DNA vaccine candidates
| Vaccine | Animal model | Efficacy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein subunit | |||
| rF1-V + CD137 ligand+ alhydrogel | Mouse | Enhanced CMI; no protection against pneumonic challenge | Bowen et al. 2019 |
| Micro-vesicle (Bacteroides spp.) F1-V | Nonhuman primates | Robust IgA and IgG in blood and airways | Carvalho et al. 2019 |
| Lyophilized F1 LcrV (stored 29 weeks at 40°C) | Balb/c mice | Protection against bubonic plague | Moore et al. 2018 |
| F1-loaded microspheres [F1-Al(OH)3)] | Blab/c mice | 100% protection against bubonic plague; robust IgG | Huang et al. 2014 |
| F1 rV | Humans (18-55 year olds) | 100% sero-conversion high IgG titers | Hu et al. 2018 |
| Single-dose F1-V-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticle coupled with cyclic dinucleotides | Mouse | Short-term and long-term humoral immunity; protection against pneumonic plague | Wagner et al. 2019 |
| F1-V + Myd88+ TLR4 | Mouse | Protection against pneumonic plague | Dankmeyer et al. 2014 |
| LcrV + F1 + B. anthracis PA and LF | Mouse | 100% protection against pneumonic plague; 90% protection against anthrax toxin | Gallagher et al. 2019 |
| OmpA, Ail, and Pla | Mouse | OmpA and Ail protected against bubonic plague; Pla protected against pneumonic plague | Erova et al. 2013 |
| DNA | |||
| LcrV-F1 and B. anthracis PA (electroporation system) | AJ mice | Balanced Th1/Th2 response; 100% protection against lethal plague and lethal B. anthracis spore challenge | Albrecht et al. 2012a |
| LcrV-F1 and truncated B. anthracis PA (gene gun delivery system) | AJ mice | Enhanced survival against pneumonic plague when boosted with a DNA vaccine encoding the B. anthracis PA | Albrecht et al. 2012b |
| LcrV DNA vaccine prime and LcrV protein subunit vaccine boost | Balb/c mice | High antibody titers of anti-LcrV antibodies | Li et al. 2014 |