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. 2021 Jun 18;105(12):4931–4941. doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11389-6

Table 2.

Y. pestis recombinant, live-attenuated, and rodent vaccine candidates

Vaccine Animal model Efficacy Reference
Recombinant
Dual PA anthrax-LcrV-F1 plague nanoparticle T4 phage delivery system Mice rats and rabbits Complete protection against both lethal challenges of inhalation anthrax and pneumonic plague Tao et al. 2018
Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing the Y. pestis F1 antigen Mice Protection against both bubonic and pneumonic challenge, and serum transfer to naïve mice protected against bubonic challenge; protection against challenge with F1 variant Demeure et al. 2017, 2019a, b
Oral Y. pseudotuberculosis ΔyopK ΔyopJ Δasd + Y. pestis fusion protein (truncated YopE1-138-LcrV Mouse Conferred 80% and 90% survival against bubonic and pneumonic challenge; strong humoral and CMI responses; protection against lethal Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis challenge Singh et al. 2019
Y. pestis KIM ΔyopJ overexpressing the Y. enterocolitica YopP OF1 mice Protection against pneumonic and bubonic challenge and against Y. enterocolitica challenge and Francisella tularensis challenge Zauberman et al. 2013
Lactobacillus plantarum expressing LvrV-F1 and Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) expressing LcrV-F1 Mouse TMV LcrV-F1 provided 100% protection against a pneumonic plague challenge; L. plantarum LcrV-F1 conferred only partial protection Arnaboldi et al. 2016
Salmonella expressing LcrV, F1 and pesticin receptor (Psn) Mouse Oral immunization, conferred 100% protection against both bubonic and pneumonic plague Sananpala et al. 2016
Francisella tularensis ΔcapB + F1-LcrV and a multiple-gene-deleted Listeria monocytogenes vaccine strain, + F1-LcrV Mouse Following a prime-boost schedule with both platforms, mice were protected against pneumonic plague challenge Jia et al. 2018
Live-attenuated vaccines
EV vaccine efficacy measure Humans (Kazakhstan) Highest level of protective anti-F1 serum antibodies was observed 4 months following vaccination with significant reduced antibody titers at both 8 and 12 months Sagiyev et al. 2019
EV plague vaccine strain Humans Robust cell-mediated responses to Pla protease in immunized humans for up to 1 year following vaccination Feodorova et al. 2018
Y. pestis subspecies: altaica 1-2948/3, 1-3749, and 1/3480 Mouse Elicit strong cell-mediated responses Balakhonov et al. 2017
Y. pestis EV vaccine strain and the microtus 201 (avirulent in humans) strain Rhesus macaques (intravenous (i.v.) infection model) The microtus strain infected monkey lungs and led to 100% mortality in 1010 i.v.-challenged animals; none of the EV-challenged animals died at that same dose Tian et al. 2014
Rodent
Sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV), a virally vectored bait system vaccine Wild prairie dogs Capture of unique prairie dogs on vaccine-treated fields was significantly higher in each of the 2 years tested on 29 paired plots of land in 7 Western US states years tested Rocke et al. 2017
SPV Wild prairie dogs Bait uptake of the SPV vaccine, during a 3-year study, was as high as 70% over 58 plots of land; heavier animals exhibited increased bait uptake; baiting later in the growing season influenced bait uptake Abbott et al. 2018
SPV Wild prairie dogs In two of the three plots evaluated, both pesticide dusting and oral SPV improved prairie dog survival Trip et al. 2017
SPV Wild prairie dogs and non-target rodents 70% of the bait-based vaccine was consumed by non-target rodents over a 3-year period in which no effects were observed Bron et al. 2018
LMA and LMP live-attenuated vaccines Mice and rats 100% efficacy during bubonic and pneumonic plague (short- and ling-term), generate robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses Tiner et al. 2015a, b, 2016; Van Lier et al. 2014, 2015