Table 2.

Comparative characteristics of the monocot cambium and vascular cambium

Criterion	Monocot cambium	Vascular cambium
Establishment of cambial cylinder	between the primary cortex and the primary vascular bundlesa,b,c,d	between the primary phloem and xyleme
Types of initials	single type of initialsa	two types (fusiform initials and ray initials)e
Production of vascular derivatives	unidirectional; secondary phloem and secondary xylem deposited centripetally to the cambial cylinder and organized in secondary vascular bundles embedded in a ground tissuea,b,c,d	bidirectional; secondary phloem deposited centrifugally, and secondary xylem deposited centripetally to the cambial cylinder, vascular tissues are spatially separatede
Function	secondary growtha,b,c,d	secondary growthe
Cell shape in tangential section	from rectangular through hexagonal to polygonala,b,d	hexagonal fusiform initials and isodiametric ray initialse
Cell shape in transverse section	hexagonala,b,c,d	hexagonale
Cell shape in radial direction	hexagonala,b,c,d	hexagonal fusiform initials and procumbent or upright ray initialse
3D shape of cells	from decahedral through tetradecahedral to octadecahedron	tetradecahedral fusiform initials, cuboid ray initialse
Primary pit-fields	presentb	presente
Cells arrangement	semi-storied	nonstoried, semi-storied, storied, double-storiede
Length of cells	40–165 µm	~ 170–8700 µme,f
Cell events	periclinal divisionsb, anticlinal divisionsb symplastic growth	periclinal divisionse,f,g,h,i, anticlinal divisionse,f,g,h,i, symplastic growthe,g,h,i, intrusive growth/eliminatione,g,h,i
Cells rearrangement	absent	presente,g,h,i
Increase in cambium width	symplastic growth of cambial cells in radial direction	symplastic growth of cambial cells in radial directionj
Increase in cambium circumference	symplastic growth of cambial cells in circumferential direction	symplastic growth of cambial cells in circumferential directionj

Similarities are in italics

^aCheadle (1937)

^bSimpson (1975)

^cRudall (1991)

^dJura-Morawiec et al. (2015)

^eLarson (1994)

^fBailey (1923)

^gKojs et al. (2004b)

^hJura et al. (2006)

ⁱWłoch et al. (2013)

^jMiodek et al. (2021)