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. 2021 Jun 17;11:12763. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91928-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of pretreatment with atorvastatin on cell number and cell volume in the TGF-β1 (−) and TGF-β1 (+) groups. (A) Overview of experimental procedures. The group treated with TGF-β1 in the presence of atorvastatin is designated as TGF-β (+) group. Cells treated with PBS are designated as TGF-β (−) group. DMSO-treated cells are used as no-drug treatment controls. (B) Phase-contrast imaging of cells treated with 0–5 μM atorvastatin after inducing TGF-β1 signaling. In the TGF-β (−) group (top panel), no significant difference in cell morphology is observed regardless of treatment with atorvastatin. In the TGF-β (+) group (bottom panel), cell number decreased in an atorvastatin dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the cytoplasmic volume of TGF-β (+) cells increased more than that in TGF-β (−) cells. Scale bar = 100 μm. (C) Cell number in the TGF-β (−) group and TGF-β (+) group treated with 0–5 μM atorvastatin. Value in TGF-β (−) control cells (atorvastatin 0 μM) is set as 100%. (D) Cell volume in the TGF-β (−) group and TGF-β (+) group treated with 0–5 μM atorvastatin. Each value represents mean ± SD (n = 3). Measurement values for each group are compared using the Bonferroni-Dunn post-hoc test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n.s. not significant.