Table 1.
Patient characteristics and electrocardiographic findings at enrollment.
| Dataset A | Dataset B | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | PAF-NSR | Healthy-NSR | *P-value | Overall | PAF-NSR | Healthy-NSR | *P-value | †P-value | |
| (n = 2,412) | (n = 1,355) | (n = 1,057) | (n = 1,291) | (n = 564) | (n = 727) | ||||
| Age, years | 61.2 ± 12.8 | 66.5 ± 13.0 | 54.7 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | 59.6 ± 13.2 | 65.2 ± 12.6 | 55.3 ± 11.9 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,544 (65.0) | 571 (43.3) | 973 (92.1) | < 0.001 | 813 (63.0) | 206 (36.5) | 607 (83.5) | < 0.001 | 0.234 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 3.9 | 24.2 ± 4.3 | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 0.345 | 24.4 ± 3.4 | 25.7 ± 4.2 | 23.7 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | 0.275 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,021 (42.3) | 837 (63.5) | 184 (17.4) | < 0.001 | 613 (47.5) | 463 (82.1) | 150 (20.6) | < 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 387 (16.0) | 304 (23.0) | 83 (7.9) | < 0.001 | 341 (26.4) | 273 (48.4) | 68 (9.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 239 (9.9) | 239 (18.1) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 149 (11.5) | 145 (25.7) | 4 (0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.177 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 78 (3.2) | 74 (5.6) | 4 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 54 (4.2) | 52 (9.2) | 2 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 0.165 |
| TIA, n (%) | 50 (2.1) | 41 (3.1) | 9 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 22 (1.7) | 16 (2.8) | 6 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 0.456 |
| Vascular disease, n (%) | 369 (15.2) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.500 | 142 (11.0) | 131 (23.2) | 11 (1.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ECG findings | |||||||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 67.9 ± 11.6 | 68.6 ± 12.9 | 67.3 ± 10.1 | 0.003 | 67.9 ± 10.5 | 68.6 ± 11.5 | 67.4 ± 9.6 | 0.038 | 0.938 |
| PR interval, msec | 162.2 ± 19.4 | 164.0 ± 19.6 | 160.4 ± 19.0 | < 0.001 | 164.8 ± 19.3 | 167.0 ± 20.1 | 163.1 ± 18.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| QRS duration, msec | 90.4 ± 9.5 | 91.8 ± 9.8 | 89.0 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | 91.0 ± 9.4 | 91.8 ± 9.5 | 90.5 ± 9.3 | 0.013 | 0.046 |
| QT interval, msec | 405.8 ± 33.5 | 407.6 ± 37.6 | 403.9 ± 28.6 | 0.003 | 400.6 ± 30.2 | 402.8 ± 33.9 | 398.8 ± 26.7 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| QTc, msec | 427.6 ± 26.1 | 430.9 ± 30.2 | 424.2 ± 20.6 | < 0.001 | 422.6 ± 23.3 | 426.5 ± 25.0 | 419.6 ± 21.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Duration between an AF episode and PAF-NSR ECG, months | NA | 3.8 ± 4.7 | NA | NA | NA | 3.3 ± 4.5 | NA | NA | 0.112 |
Values are expressed as n (%) or as means ± standard deviations. NA means not applicable.
*P value of Student’s t-test or chi-square test between PAF-normal and healthy-NSR participants.
†P value of Student’s t-test or chi-square test between datasets A and B.
bpm: beats per minute; CHA2DS2-VASc: a score taking into account congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, and sex (female); ECG electrocardiography; PAF paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; QRSd QRS duration; TIA transient ischemic attack.