Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the Shigella-positive and Campylobacter-positive under 5 Bangladeshi children having MSD.
| Characteristics | Shigella | Campylobacter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shigella-positive n = 591 (%) |
Shigella-negative n = 803 (%) |
p value* |
Campylobacter-positive n = 246 (%) |
Campylobacter-negative n = 1148 (%) |
p value* | |
| Age group (m) | ||||||
| 0–11 | 72 (12.2) | 478 (59.5) | – | 161 (65.5) | 389 (33.9) | – |
| 12–23 | 257 (43.5) | 219 (27.3) | < 0.001 | 70 (28.5) | 406 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| 24–59 | 262 (44.3) | 56 (23.6) | < 0.001 | 15 (6.1) | 353 (30.8) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (female) | 246 (41.6) | 334 (41.6) | 0.991 | 104 (42.3) | 476 (41.5) | 0.814 |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Wasted | 151 (25.6) | 144 (17.9) | 0.001 | 30 (12.2) | 265 (23.1) | < 0.001 |
| Stunted | 154 (26.1) | 181 (22.5) | 0.129 | 48 (19.5) | 287 (25.0) | 0.068 |
| Underweight | 219 (37.1) | 234 (29.1) | 0.002 | 52 (21.1) | 401 (34.9) | < 0.001 |
| MUAC (mean ± SD) | 14.3 ± 1.1 | 14.3 ± 1.3 | 0.909 | 14.06 ± 1.2 | 14.3 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Clinical features | ||||||
| History of duration of diarrhea (mean ± SD) | 2.97 ± 1.56 | 3.07 ± 1.46 | 0.224 | 3.01 ± 1.44 | 3.03 ± 1.52 | 0.837 |
| Visible blood in stool | 520 (87.9) | 518 (64.5) | < 0.001 | 212 (86.2) | 826 (71.9) | < 0.001 |
| Vomiting ≥ 3 times/ day | 108 (18.3) | 264 (32.9) | < 0.001 | 46 (18.7) | 326 (28.4) | 0.002 |
| Fever on admission | 505 (85.5) | 557 (69.4) | < 0.001 | 159 (64.6) | 903 (78.7) | < 0.001 |
| Indicators for MSD | ||||||
| Sunken eyes | 29 (4.9) | 191 (23.8) | < 0.001 | 21 (8.5) | 199 (17.3) | 0.001 |
| Loss of skin turgor | 7 (1.2) | 54 (6.7) | < 0.001 | 6 (2.4) | 55 (4.8) | 0.108 |
| IV rehydration needed | 33 (5.6) | 132 (16.4) | < 0.001 | 13 (5.3) | 152 (13.2) | 0.001 |
| Dysentery | 512 (86.6) | 517 (64.4) | < 0.001 | 211 (85.8) | 818 (71.3) | < 0.001 |
| Required hospital admission | 135 (22.8) | 148 (18.4) | 0.043 | 19 (7.7) | 264 (23.0) | < 0.001 |
| Socio-demographic features | ||||||
| Primary caretaker (mother) | 584 (98.8) | 799 (99.5) | 0.165 | 244 (99.2) | 1139 (99.2) | 0.963 |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 59 (9.9) | 98 (12.2) | 0.196 | 27 (10.9) | 130 (11.3) | 0.875 |
| Household characteristics | ||||||
| Number of people live in house | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 0.457 | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 0.008 |
| Number of people sleep in house | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 0.471 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 0.009 |
| Number of under-5 children at house | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.619 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.004 |
| Predominant floor (earth/sand) | 498 (84.3) | 661 (82.3) | 0.337 | 200 (81.3) | 959 (83.5) | 0.396 |
| Animal at house | ||||||
| Cow | 301 (50.9) | 391 (48.7) | 0.409 | 130 (52.9) | 562 (48.9) | 0.268 |
| Dog | 468 (79.2) | 657 (81.8) | 0.219 | 207 (84.2) | 918 (79.9) | 0.113 |
| Cat | 479 (81.1) | 680 (84.7) | 0.074 | 213 (86.6) | 946 (82.4) | 0.113 |
| Rodent/fowl | 384 (64.9) | 501 (62.4) | 0.322 | 166 (67.5) | 719 (62.6) | 0.152 |
| Goat | 67 (11.3) | 82 (10.2) | 0.502 | 30 (12.2) | 119 (10.4) | 0.400 |
| Main source of drinking water | ||||||
| Tube well water | 589 (99.7) | 798 (99.4) | 0.465 | 244 (99.2) | 1143 (99.6) | 0.455 |
| Treat drinking water | 29 (4.9) | 32 (3.9) | 0.406 | 9 (3.7) | 52 (4.5) | 0.545 |
| Fecal disposal | ||||||
| Toilet facility available | 551 (93.2) | 758 (94.4) | 0.370 | 237 (96.3) | 1072 (93.4) | 0.083 |
| Hand washing practice | ||||||
| Before nursing/preparing baby food | 144 (24.4) | 223 (27.8) | 0.154 | 73 (29.7) | 294 (25.6) | 0.189 |
| After handling animals | 176 (29.8) | 235 (29.3) | 0.835 | 74 (30.1) | 337 (29.4) | 0.821 |
| After cleaning a child | 227 (38.4) | 344 (42.8) | 0.097 | 99 (24.4) | 472 (41.1) | 0.801 |
| Hand wash material | ||||||
| Water and soap | 74 (12.5) | 98 (12.2) | 0.859 | 24 (9.8) | 148 (12.9) | 0.176 |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poor | 114 (19.3) | 176 (21.9) | – | 50 (20.3) | 240 (20.9) | – |
| Lower middle | 109 (18.4) | 162 (20.2) | 0.826 | 46 (18.7) | 225 (19.6) | 0.933 |
| Middle | 130 (22.0) | 149 (18.6) | 0.080 | 44 (17.9) | 235 (20.5) | 0.637 |
| Upper middle | 132 (22.3) | 155 (19.3) | 0.105 | 46 (18.7) | 241 (20.9) | 0.696 |
| Rich | 106 (17.9) | 161 (20.1) | 0.925 | 60 (24.4) | 207 (18.0) | 0.122 |
| Breastfeeding status | ||||||
| Breastfed | 454 (76.8) | 723 (90.0) | < 0.001 | 230 (93.5) | 947 (82.5) | < 0.001 |
| Stool examination | ||||||
| RBC present in stool | 302 (51.1) | 235 (29.3) | < 0.001 | 107 (43.5) | 430 (37.5) | 0.078 |
| Mucus present in stool | 569 (96.3) | 656 (81.7) | < 0.001 | 228 (92.7) | 997 (86.9) | 0.012 |
| Co-pathogens isolated in stool | ||||||
| Giardia | 65 (11.0) | 41(5.1) | < 0.001 | 22 (8.9) | 84 (7.3) | 0.383 |
| Cryptosporidium | 35 (5.9) | 63 (7.9) | 0.166 | 14 (5.7) | 84 (7.3) | 0.367 |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 43 (7.3) | 50 (6.2) | 0.438 | 18 (7.3) | 75 (6.5) | 0.655 |
| EAEC | 121 (20.5) | 212 (26.4) | 0.010 | 67 (27.2) | 266 (23.2) | 0.175 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Duration of hospital stay (mean ± SD) | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 1.9 | 0.042 | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 0.072 |
Stunting: HAZ < − 2, (%; for < 5 years of age), Underweight: WAZ < − 2, (%; for < 5 years of age), Wasted: WHZ < − 2, (%; for < 5 years of age), MUAC, (mean; for < 5 years of age) Mid upper arm circumference, RBC, red blood cell, Diarrhea: 3 or more loose watery stool/day, Fever: measured at least 38°C or parental perception; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene; EAEC, enteroaggregative E. coli; SD, standard deviation.
*Variable was added in multiple models if p < 0.25 in bi-variate model.