Table 3.
Association of fecal Shigella and Campylobacter with a child’s HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ: results of generalized estimating equations modeling (dependent variable—HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ).
| Pathogens | Z score | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Adjusteda | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | All | Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | ||||||
| Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Campylobacter-positive | HAZ |
0.06 (− 0.03, 0.15) |
0.221 |
0.02 (− 0.07, 0.10) |
0.732 |
− 0.02 (− 0.14, 0.09) |
0.677 |
0.09 (− 0.07, 0.24) |
0.268 |
| WAZ |
0.11 (0.02, 0.20) |
0.021 |
0.05 (− 0.04, 0.14) |
0.257 |
− 0.04 (− 0.15, 0.08) |
0.530 |
0.22 (0.06, 0.37) |
0.005 | |
| WHZ |
0.10 (0.01, 0.19) |
0.023 |
0.04 (− 0.05, 0.12) |
0.397 |
− 0.07 (− 0.17, 0.04) |
0.240 |
0.22 (0.08, 0.37) |
0.003 | |
| Shigella-positive | HAZ |
− 0.11 (− 0.21, − 0.02) |
0.015 |
0.001 (− 0.11, 0.11) |
0.972 |
− 0.07 (− 0.34, 0.20) |
0.597 |
0.03 (0.09, 0.16) |
0.644 |
| WAZ |
− 0.31 (− 0.40, − 0.21) |
< 0.001 |
− 0.06 (− 0.17, 0.05) |
0.282 |
− 0.04 (− 0.32, 0.24) |
0.784 |
− 0.04 (− 0.17, 0.09) |
0.511 | |
| WHZ |
− 0.41 (− 0.50, − 0.32) |
< 0.001 |
− 0.11 (− 0.21, − 0.001) |
0.046 |
− 0.01 (− 0.28, 0.26) |
0.939 |
− 0.10 (− 0.22, 0.02) |
0.110 | |
Coef., coefficient; CI, confidence interval; HAZ, height-for-age z score; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; and WHZ, weight-for-height z score.
aAdjusted for age, gender, MSD, breastfeeding status, mother’s education, number of people regularly sleep in the house, number of under-5 children at house, hand washing before nursing a child and after cleaning the child, handwashing material, main source of drinking water, available toilet facility, wealth index, copathogen: Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and comorbidity (malaria, typhoid, pneumonia, diarrhea, and dysentery).