Fig. 2. Identification of cultured coronavirus.
a Ionic current–time traces of cultured HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. b Ionic current–time profiles, which are obtained by measuring the cultured coronaviruses and overlay 100 waveforms. The color code corresponds to a. c Dependence on the number of detected waveforms on the concentration of HCoV-229E. The number of waveforms per unit minute was calculated based on the number of waveforms obtained during the measurement time of 15 min. Three independent samples examined over three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. d, e Histograms of Ip and td of cultured coronaviruses. The color code corresponds to a. f Confusion matrix obtained by machine learning corresponding to the four cultured coronaviruses. The numbers in the matrix indicate the number of waveforms. The machine learning algorithm follows Fig. 1k. The color bar indicates that the darker the blue, the greater the number of pulses. The number of the color bar indicated the number of waveforms. g Identification accuracy in combinations of two, three, and four types of coronaviruses. Each virus is identified when the identification accuracy of the red line or higher is obtained. Orange, green, and purple correspond to two, three, and four virus-identifying F-values, respectively. SARS, SARS2, MERS, and 229E represent SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E, respectively. Source data of a, b, and d–g are provided as a Source Data file.