Table 1.
Participant characteristics by delivery mode.
| Delivery mode | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vaginal (N=45) | C-Section (N=25) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%) | 30 (66.7%) | 18 (72.0%) | 0.65 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 (median [IQR]) | 27.58 [22.96, 35.18] | 32.92 [24.96, 40.77] | 0.04 |
| Maternal age (median [IQR]) | 25.94 [22.75, 29.41] | 26.26 [24.79, 30.93] | 0.24 |
| Female sex | 18 (40.0%) | 14 (56.0%) | 0.20 |
| Black or African-American infant race | 30 (66.7%) | 14 (56.0%) | 0.46 |
| Breastfed ever (%) | 37 (82.2%) | 19 (76.0%) | 0.53 |
| Breastfeeding duration, weeks (median[IQR]) | 4.50 [1.00, 13.01] | 4.00 [0.50, 7.00] | 0.69 |
| Introduction to solids before 3 months of age | 12 (25.0%) | 9 (30.4%) | 0.63 |
| Maternal education below high school level (%) | 23 (51.1%) | 9 (36.0%) | 0.22 |
| Household income (%) | 0.53 | ||
| ≤ $20,000 | 26 (60.5%) | 17 (68.0%) | |
| > $20,000 | 17 (39.5%) | 8 (32.0%) | |
| No infant antibiotics at/before 3 months (%) | 37 (82.2%) | 20 (80.0%) | 0.82 |
| No current maternal smoking (%) | 33 (82.5%) | 15 (75.0%) | 0.49 |
| Birth weight, kg (median [IQR]) | 3.19 [2.89, 3.49] | 3.19 [2.82, 3.64] | 0.79 |
| Gestational age, weeks (median [IQR]) | 39.57 [38.71, 40.43] | 39.00 [38.29, 39.29] | 0.07 |