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. 2021 Jun 4;12:653627. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653627

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Copyright © 2021 Smith

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Classical model of signaling through the IGF-IR. IGF-I ligation of IGF-IR most commonly results in canonical mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Ras-Raf-Erk and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT/mTOR (PI3K/AKT) phosphorylation, critical to downstream signaling and the activation of targeted genes associated with IGF-I responses. Adapted from Worrall et al. Novel Mechanisms of Regulation of IGF-1R Action: Functional and Therapeutic Implications. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2013 10:473-484.