Table 1.
Scores of the participants by groups
| Characteristic | placebo | Placebo + mindfulness | mindfulness | Vitamin | Vitamin + Mindfulness | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) a | 56.25 ± 9.89 | 53.3 ± 8.94 | 54.8 ± 9.44 | 54.5 ± 9 | 56.6 ± 9.8 | 0.49 |
| sex (female)b (N) | 16 (40%) | 17(42.5%) | 16(39.2%) | 22(55%) | 21(48.8%) | 0.56 |
|
base line Vitamin D level (ng/mL) |
24.6 ± 5.5 | 25.4 ± 5.4 | 25.3 ± 5.2 | 27.4 ± 5.07 | 26.2 ± 5.7 | 0.1 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.7 ± 5.3 | 15.8 ± 4.8 | 14.8 ± 6.6 | 14.6 ± 4.6 | 15.3 ± 5.06 | 0.82 |
| FBS (pre-test) | 178.9 ± 29.2 | 172.5 ± 33.8 | 172.2 ± 28.9 | 170.37 ± 27.28 | 175.13 ± 28.19 | .73 |
| FBS (post-test) | 178.1 ± 27.2 | 169 ± 27.14 | 165.31 ± 28.09 | 163.7 ± 27.92 | 167.51 ± 30.92 | 0.18 |
| P valuec | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |
| sun (pre-test) | 38.7 ± 14.1 | 41.7 ± 14.4 | 40.1 ± 15.8 | 39.5 ± 13.9 | 42.7 ± 14.02 | 0.7 |
| sun (post-test) | 42.5 ± 15.14 | 41 ± 14.8 | 39.2 ± 15.3 | 45.5 ± 13.7 | 43.4 ± 15.01 | 0.38 |
| P VALUEc | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |
| VD(pre) | 3.7 ± 2.08 | 4.6 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 4.2 ± 2.01 | 4.09 ± 2.03 | 0.194 |
| VD(post) | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 3.9 ± 2.05 | 3.5 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 0.71 |
| P VALUEc | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |
| Energy (pre) | 2390.1 ± 279.2 | 2338.45 ± 269.8 | 2395.51 ± 276.35 | 2462.12 ± 293.2 | 2404.48 ± 313.87 | 0.44 |
| Energy (post) | 2377.15 ± 306.01 | 2452.17 ± 275.54 | 2374.46 ± 302.01 | 2446.05 ± 328.78 | 2357.46 ± 278.26 | 0.46 |
| P VALUEc | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |
| PHY (pre) | 251.8 ± 81.8 | 260.75 ± 93.4 | 256.87 ± 91.46 | 255.22 ± 89.04 | 273.48 ± 95.25 | 0.247 |
| PHY (post) | 253.32 ± 79.4 | 378.8 ± 84.7 | 397.19 ± 96.82 | 403.67 ± 91.45 | 496.03 ± 76.92 | 0.00 |
| P VALUEc | P > 0.05 | P < 0.05* | P < 0.05* | P < 0.05* | P < 0.05* |
a = one way anova, B = chi-square test, c = paired sample t-test, FBS=Fasting blood sugar(mg/dL), Sun: Sunlight exposure (minutes/week), Energy: Energy intake (k Cal/day), PHY: Physical activity (MET/min*week), VD = Vitamin D intake (mcg/day).