Table 4.
Comparison of Cost of Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment to Annual Average Incomes in Ghana
| Price per eye Retinal laser GH¢) | Mean laser price as % of | Mean laser price as % of | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | Std. Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | p - value | Mean household income (GH¢) | mean annual per capita income (GH¢) | |
| Facility type | ||||||||
| Public | 4 | 262.50 | 205.65 | 0.00 | 450.00 | 0.499 | ||
| CHAG | 3 | 200.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 300.00 | |||
| Private | 7 | 428.57 | 380.63 | 0.00 | 1000.00 | |||
| Setting | ||||||||
| Rural | 3 | 183.33 | 76.38 | 100.00 | 250.00 | 0.349 | ||
| Urban | 11 | 372.73 | 325.09 | 0.00 | 1000.00 | |||
| Regions | ||||||||
| GAR | 7 | 528.57 | 279.67 | 200.00 | 1000.00 | 0.175 | 0.82 | 2.45 |
| AR | 3 | 133.33 | 230.94 | 0.00 | 400.00 | 0.18 | 0.24 | |
| NR | 2 | 125.00 | 176.78 | 0.00 | 250.00 | 0.55 | 2.17 | |
| BAR | 1 | 200.00 | . | 200.00 | 200.00 | 0.65 | 1.59 | |
| VR | 1 | 100.00 | . | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.32 | 1.35 | |
| NHIS Coverage | ||||||||
| No | 11 | 331.82 | 327.32 | 0.00 | 1000.00 | 0.994 | ||
| Yes | 3 | 333.33 | 202.07 | 100.00 | 450.00 | |||
| Price per eye Anti-VEGF GH¢) | Mean anti-VEGF price as % of mean household income (GH¢) | Mean anti-VEGF price as % of mean annual per capita income (GH¢) | ||||||
| Facility type | ||||||||
| Public | 4 | 487.50 | 232.29 | 250.00 | 800.00 | 0.181 | ||
| CHAG | 3 | 166.67 | 288.68 | 0.00 | 500.00 | |||
| Private | 7 | 492.86 | 242.26 | 200.00 | 950.00 | |||
| Setting | ||||||||
| Rural | 3 | 133.33 | 230.94 | 0.00 | 400.00 | 0.028 | ||
| Urban | 11 | 500.00 | 224.72 | 200.00 | 950.00 | |||
| Regions | ||||||||
| GAR | 7 | 607.14 | 196.70 | 400.00 | 950.00 | 0.010 | 0.94 | 2.81 |
| AR | 3 | 250.00 | 50.00 | 200.00 | 300.00 | 0.34 | 0.44 | |
| NR | 2 | 450.00 | 70.71 | 400.00 | 500.00 | 1.96 | 7.83 | |
| BAR | 1 | 0.00 | . | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| VR | 1 | 0.00 | . | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| NHIS Coverage | ||||||||
| No | 11 | 413.64 | 216.90 | 0.00 | 800.00 | 0.181 | ||
| Yes | 3 | 450.00 | 476.97 | 0.00 | 950.00 | |||
n number of facilities, Anti-VEGF Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, CHAG Christian Health Association of Ghana, NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme, GAR Greater Accra Region, AR Ashanti Region, NR Northern Region, BAR Brong Ahafo Region, VR Volta Region, Std. Deviation standard deviation; Statistical test employed one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance set at p < 0.05. Mean annual household income (GH¢) and Mean annual per capita income (GH¢) is based on the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 7 (GLSS-7) Report. Report [17]