TABLE 1.

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder.

DSM-5 criteria	Primary	PHQ-9 items
Five or more symptoms including depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure, during a 2-week period.
Depressed mood (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless, tearful).	Y	Item 2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless.
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure.	Y	Item 1. Little interest or pleasure in doing things.
Weight loss when not dieting or weight gain.	N	Item 5. Poor appetite or overeating.
Insomnia or hypersomnia.	N	Item 3. Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much.
Psychomotor agitation or retardation (observable by others).	N	Item 8. Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or the opposite—being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual.
Fatigue or loss of energy.	N	Item 4. Feeling tired or having little energy.
“Feeling worthless or excessive, delusional or inappropriate guilt.	N	Item 6. Feeling bad about yourself—or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down.
Fogginess, being unfocused, or indecisive.	N	Item 7. Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television.
Thought about harming yourself or suicide.	N	Item 9. Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way.

PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (Kroenke et al., 2001).

DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Primary symptoms are marked with Y.