Table 1.
Epigenetic processes and regulators involved in the crop-pathogen interactions.
| Epigenetic process category | Regulator gene name | Gene product family | Crop species | Involvement of gene product in crop- pathogen interactions and evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA (de)methylation | AeDRM2 | DNA methyltranferase functioning in De novo DNA methylation | A. tauschii | Knockdown of AeDRM2 by BSMV-VIGS enhanced resistance of A. tauschii to the fungal pathogen Bgt. | Geng et al., 2019 |
| OsDCL3 | Dicer-like endoribonuclease functioning in RdDM pathway | O. sativa | Infection of nematode M. graminicola was decreased in Osdcl3a and Osdcl3b mutants compared with the control. | Atighi et al., 2020 | |
| OsAGO4 | Argonaute protein functioning in RdDM pathway | O. sativa | Infection of M. graminicola was decreased in Osago4a/b mutant compared with the control. | Atighi et al., 2020 | |
| OsDRM2 | DNA methyltranferase functioning in De novo DNA methylation | O. sativa | Infection of M. graminicola was decreased in Osdrm2 mutant compared with the control. | Atighi et al., 2020 | |
| OsDDM1 | A nucleosome-remodeling protein functioning in maintenance of DNA methylation | O. sativa | Infection of M. graminicola was decreased in Osddm1 mutant compared with the control. | Atighi et al., 2020 | |
| OsTE-siR815 | Small interfering RNA functioning in RdDM pathway | O. sativa | OsTE-siR815 suppresses the defense-related gene siR815 Target 1 (ST1) by RdDM and abolished the rice blight resistance. | Zhang et al., 2016 | |
| Histone modifications | TaGCN5 | Histone acetyltransferase | T. aestivum | TaGCN5 activates wheat cuticular wax biosynthesis required for triggering Bgt conidial germination. | Kong et al., 2020b |
| OsHDT701 | Histone deacetylase | O. sativa | OsHDT701 interacts with the rice RNase P subunit Rpp30 and negatively regulates rice defense responses to the fungal pathogen M. oryzae and bacterial pathogen Xoo by mediating histone deacetylation at PRR and defense genes. | Ding et al., 2012; Li et al., 2021 | |
| TaHDA6 | Histone deacetylase | T. aestivum | TaHDA6 functions in concert with WD40-repeat protein TaHOS15 and another HDAC TaHDT701 to suppress wheat defense responses to Bgt by reducing levels of histone acetylation at defense-related genes. | Liu et al., 2019; Zhi et al., 2020 | |
| TaSRT1 | Histone deacetylase | T. aestivum | Silencing TaSRT1 by FoMV-VIGS significantly reduced CWMV infection in bead wheat. | Jin et al., 2020 | |
| OsJMJ704 | Histone demethylase | O. sativa | JMJ704 represses transcription of the rice defense negative regulator genes and positively regulates rice defense response against Xoo infection. | Hou et al., 2015 | |
| OsBRHIS1 | Monoubiquitinated histone binding protein | O. sativa | BRHIS1 represses the expression of some disease defense-related genes and rice blast resistance through interating with monoubiquitinated histone variants. | Li X. et al., 2015 | |
| Chromatin assembly and remodeling | TaCHR729 | Chromatin remodeling factor | T. aestivum | TaCHR729 activates wheat cuticular wax biosynthesis required for triggering Bgt conidial germination. | Wang X. et al., 2019 |