Table 7.
Representation of Sociodemographic factors based on risk factors of CE questions.
| Sociodemographic factors | Risk Factors (%) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Features | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | ||||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Age | 15–30 | 266 (71.5) | 59 (72) | 225 (70.2) | 70 (76.9) | 274 (70.4) | 51 (78.5) | 21 (69.8) | 110 (76.4) | 231 (68.8) | 94 (79.9) | 196 (70.3) | 118 (73.3) |
| 31–45 | 68 (18.3) | 15 (18.3) | 67 (18.5) | 16 (17.6) | 75 (19.3) | 8 (12.3) | 63 (20.5) | 20 (13.9) | 69 (20.5) | 14 (11.9) | 55 (19.7) | 27 (16.8) | |
| 46–60 | 31 (8.3) | 6 (7.3) | 33 (9.1) | 4 (4.4) | 32 (8.2) | 5 (7.7) | 26 (8.4) | 10 (6.9) | 29 (8.6) | 8 (6.8) | 23 (8.2) | 13 (8.1) | |
| 61–75 | 7 (1.9) | 2 (2.4) | 8 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) | 8 (2.1) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (1.3) | 2 (2.8) | 7 (2.1) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (1.8) | 3 (1.9) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 0.192, df = 3, P = 0.979 | χ2 = 2.900, df = 3, P = 0.407 | χ2 = 2.077, df = 3, P = 0.557 | χ2 = 33.748, df = 6, P = 0.000 | χ2 = 5.478, df = 3, P = 0.140 | χ2 = 3.659, df = 6, P = 0.723 | |||||||
| Sex | Male | 165 (44.4) | 33 (40.2) | 197 (54.3) | 59 (64.8) | 218 (56.0) | 38 (58.5) | 170 (55.2) | 86 (59.7) | 181 (53.9) | 75 (63.6) | 150 (53.8) | 103 (64.0) |
| Female | 207 (55.6) | 49 (59.8) | 166 (45.7) | 32 (35.2) | 171 (44.0) | 27 (41.5) | 138 (44.8) | 58 (40.3) | 155 (46.1) | 43 (36.4) | 129 (46.2) | 58 (36.0) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 0.462, df = 1, P = 0.497 | χ2 = 3.303, df = 1, P = 0.069 | χ2 = 0.133, df = 1, P = 0.716 | χ2 = 3.415, df = 2, P = 0.181 | χ2 = 3.335, df = 1, P = 0.068 | χ2 = 11.508, df = 2, P = 0.003 | |||||||
| Religion | Islam | 366 (98.4) | 82 (100) | 357 (98.3) | 91 (100) | 384 (98.7) | 64 (98.5) | 303 (98.4) | 143 (99.3) | 333 (99.1) | 115 (97.5) | 276 (98.9) | 158 (98.1) |
| Christianity | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.9) | |
| Hindu | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Sikhism | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 1.340, df = 3, P = 0.720 | χ2 = 1.524, df = 3, P = 0.677 | χ2 = 1.386, df = 3, P = 0.709 | χ2 = 1.447, df = 6, P = 0.963 | χ2 = 9.620, df = 3, P = 0.22 | χ2 = 7.350, df = 6, P = 0.290 | |||||||
| Ethnicity | Punjabi | 198 (53.2) | 41 (50.0) | 207 (57) | 32 (35.2) | 215 (55.3) | 24 (36.9) | 177 (57.5) | 62 (43.1) | 200 (59.5) | 39 (33.1) | 166 (59.5) | 66 (41.0) |
| Sindhi | 5 (1.3) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.3) | 2 (1.4) | 6 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.1) | 3 (1.9) | |
| Balochi | 2 (2.4) | 9 (2.4) | 10 (2.8) | 1 (1.1) | 10 (2.6) | 1 (1.5) | 8 (2.6) | 3 (2.1) | 9 (2.7) | 2 (1.7) | 4 (1.4) | 7 (4.3) | |
| Pathan | 54 (14.5) | 8 (9.8) | 49 (13.5) | 13 (14.3) | 51 (13.1) | 11 (16.9) | 3 (11.7) | 24 (16.7) | 43 (12.8) | 19 (16.1) | 38 (13.6) | 17 (10.6) | |
| Balti | 3 (0.8) | 3 (3.7) | 5 (1.4) | 1 (1.1) | 6 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (2.5) | 3 (1.1) | 3 (1.9) | |
| Kashmiri | 13 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (3.1) | 1 (1.5) | 11 (3.6) | 2 (1.4) | 10 (3.0) | 3 (2.5) | 9 (3.2) | 4 (2.5) | |
| Others | 90 (24.2) | 27 (32.9) | 73 (20.1) | 44 (48.4) | 89 (22.9) | 28 (43.1) | 66 (21.4) | 51 (35.4) | 65 (19.3) | 52 (44.1) | 56 (20.1) | 61 (37.9) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 10.245, df = 6, P = 0.115 | χ2 = 34.785, df = 6, P = 0.000 | χ2 = 15.685, df = 6, P = 0.016 | χ2 = 30.367, df = 12, P = 0.002 | χ2 = 37.347, df = 6, P = 0.000 | χ2 = 43.508, df = 12, P = 0.000 | |||||||
| Education | No formal education | 14 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (3.6) | 1 (1.1) | 13 (3.3) | 1 (1.5) | 10 (3.2) | 3 (2.1) | 13 (3.9) | 1 (0.8) | 10 (3.6) | 3 (1.9) |
| Primary | 11 (3.0) | 5 (6.1) | 12 (3.3) | 4 (4.4) | 14 (3.6) | 2 (3.1) | 8 (2.6) | 8 (5.6) | 13 (3.9) | 3 (2.5) | 8 (2.9) | 8 (5.0) | |
| Secondary | 14 (3.8) | 7 (8.5) | 13 (3.6) | 8 (8.8) | 16 (4.1) | 5 (7.7) | 8 (2.6) | 13 (9.0) | 6 (1.8) | 15 (12.7) | 2 (0.7) | 19 (11.8) | |
| Post-secondary | 333 (89.5) | 70 (85.4) | 325 (89.5) | 78 (85.7) | 346 (88.9) | 57 (87.7) | 282 (91.6) | 120 (83.3) | 304 (90.5) | 99 (83.9) | 259 (92.8) | 131 (81.4) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 8.406, df = 3, P = 0.038 | χ2 = 6.088, df = 3, P = 0.107 | χ2 = 2.183, df = 3, P = 0.535 | χ2 = 27.230, df = 6, P = 0.000 | χ2 = 25.987, df = 3, P = 0.000 | χ2 = 32.865, df = 6, P = 0.000 | |||||||
| Marital status | Single | 254 (68.3) | 65 (79.3) | 245 (67.5) | 74 (81.3) | 272 (69.9) | 47 (72.3) | 218 (70.8) | 101 (70.1) | 228 (67.9) | 91 (77.1) | 192 (68.8) | 115 (71.4) |
| Married | 118 (31.7) | 17 (20.7) | 118 (32.5) | 17 (18.7) | 117 (30.1) | 18 (27.7) | 90 (29.2) | 43 (29.9) | 108 (32.1) | 27 (22.9) | 87 (31.2) | 46 (28.6) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 3.883, df = 1, P = 0.049 | χ2 = 6.656, df = 1, P = 0.010 | χ2 = 0.152, df = 1, P = 0.697 | χ2 = 4.766, df = 2, P = 0.092 | χ2 = 3.585, df = 1, P = 0.058 | χ2 = 1.984, df = 2, P = 0.371 | |||||||
| Occupation | Butchers | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Farmers | 25 (6.7) | 9 (11.0) | 29 (8.0) | 5 (5.5) | 30 (7.7) | 4 (6.2) | 24 (7.8) | 9 (6.3) | 28 (8.3) | 6 (5.1) | 19 (6.8) | 14 (8.7) | |
| Livestock keepers | 13 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 10 (2.8) | 4 (4.4) | 14 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (2.9) | 4 (2.8) | 11 (3.3) | 3 (2.5) | 9 (3.2) | 4 (2.5) | |
| Others | 334 (89.8) | 71 (86.6) | 324 (89.3) | 81 (89.0) | 345 (88.7) | 60 (92.3) | 275 (89.3) | 130 (90.3) | 297 (88.4) | 108 (91.5) | 250 (89.6) | 143 (88.8) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 7.366, df = 3, P = 0.061 | χ2 = 5.229, df = 3, P = 0.156 | χ2 = 8.586, df = 3, P = 0.035 | χ2 = 23.461, df = 6, P = 0.001 | χ2 = 4.326, df = 3, P = 0.228 | χ2 = 2.095, df = 6, P = 0.911 | |||||||
| Income | Below 30,000 | 51 (13.7) | 11 (13.4) | 47 (12.9) | 15 (16.5) | 47 (12.1) | 15 (23.1) | 39 (12.7) | 22 (15.3) | 48 (14.3) | 14 (11.9) | 38 (13.6) | 23 (14.3) |
| 31,000-60,000 | 101 (27.2) | 20 (24.4) | 97 (26.7) | 24 (26.4) | 102 (26.2) | 19 (29.2) | 83 (26.9) | 37 (25.7) | 98 (29.2) | 23 (19.5) | 72 (25.8) | 45 (28.0) | |
| 61,000-90,000 | 74 (19.9) | 17 (20.7) | 73 (20.1) | 18 (19.8) | 82 (21.1) | 9 (13.8) | 65 (21.1) | 26 (18.1) | 69 (20.5) | 22 (18.6) | 60 (21.5) | 28 (17.4) | |
| Above 90,000 | 146 (39.2) | 34 (41.5) | 146 (40.2) | 34 (37.4) | 158 (40.6) | 22 (33.8) | 121 (39.3) | 59 (41.0) | 121 (36.0) | 59 (50.0) | 109 (39.1) | 65 (40.4) | |
| Statistical analysis | χ2 = 0.303, df = 3, P = 0.959 | χ2 = 0.823, df = 3, P = 0.844 | χ2 = 7.217, df = 3, P = 0.065 | χ2 = 4.628, df = 6, P = 0.592 | χ2 = 7.908, df = 3, P = 0.048 | χ2 = 1.635, df = 6, P = 0.950 | |||||||
Q1, Do you think that social, political, economic instability contributes to spread of CE?
Q2, Do you think that unchecked, unhygienic systems of slaughtering and animal keeping contributes toward prevalence of CE?
Q3, Do you think that lack of awareness is one of the potential risk factor of echinococcosis?
Q4, Do exposure to dog feces may lead to get infected with CE infection?
Q5, Do contaminated food/ water consumption may cause echinococcosis?
Q6, Do you think CE is asymptomatic disease or not?