Table 2. Characteristics of studies that compared muscle damage between low-load resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction.
Reference | Sujects (Age) | Variable | Training protocol | Intensity | Traininig volume | Interval | Pressure | CW (cm) | Results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EX | MT | TS | Sets | Repetitions | RT+BFR (Time effect) | Control (Time effect) | Condition effect | |||||||
Takarada et al. (2000) [13] | 6 men (20–22 years) | CK, IL-6 | KE | Bi | 1s | 20% of 1RM | 5 | Muscle failure | 30s | 214±7.7 mmHg | 3.3 | CK↔ IL-6↑(30,60, 90, 120 min, 24h post) |
CK↔ IL-6↔ |
IL-6 was greater 30,60,90,120 min and 24h after BFRE. CK was no different between conditions. |
Umbel et al. (2009) [29] (study 1) | 7 men and 2 women (25±5 years) | MVC, DOMS, PPT, Edema. | KE | Uni. | 2s | 35% of MVC | 3 | Muscle failure | 90s | 1.3 x bSBP | 6 | DOMS↑(24,48h post) PPT↔ MVC ↔ Edema↑(24,48h post) |
DOMS↑ (24h post) PPT↔ MVC↔ Edema↑(24, 48h post) |
DOMS and PPT were higher after BFRE (24h and 24, 48h post, respectively); Edema was no different between conditions; MVC was lower 24 h after BFRE. |
Loenneke et al. (2013) [31] | 7 women and 2 men (24±3 years) | MVC | KE | Uni. | 1.5s | 30% of 1RM | 4 | 30x15x15x15 | 30s | 60% of AOP | 5 | MVC↓(0-1h post) | MVC ↓ (0h post) | MVC was lower immediately after and 1h after BRFE, but it was not different between conditions 24h after the tested protocols. |
Wernbom et al. (2012) [30] | 8 men (26±3 year) and 4 women (24±2 years) | MVC, DOMS, tetranectina. | KE | Uni. | 1.5s | 30% of 1RM | 5 | Muscle failure | 45s | Women = 90 mmHg Men = 100 mmHg |
13.5 | MCV↓ (0, 24, 48h post) DOMS↑ (24, 48, 72h post) Tetranectina↑ (1, 24, 48h post) |
MCV↓ (0, 24, 48h post) DOMS↑ (24, 48, 72h post) Tetranectina↑ (24h post) |
MVC was lower only immediately after BFRE; DOMS was no different between conditions; Tetranectin was higher 24 hours after BFRE. |
Wilson et al. (2013) [32] | 12 men (21±3years) | DOMS, Edema, Power. | LP | Bi | --- | 30% of 1RM | 4 | 30x15x15x15 | 30s | --- |
7.6 | Edema↑ (0, 1, 5 min post) Power↓ (24h post) DOMS↔ |
Edema ↔ Power ↓ (24h post) DOMS ↔ |
Edema was greater after 0,5,10 min after BFRE. The other variables were not different between conditions. |
Thiebaud et al. (2014) [33] | 9 men (22±3 years) | DOMS, ROM, Edema, MVC. | AF | Uni. | 2s | 30% of 1RM | 4 | 30x15x15x15 | 30s | 120 mmHg | 3.3 | MVC↓ (Post) ROM ↔ Edema ↔ DOMS ↔ |
MVC↓ (Post) ROM↔ Edema↔ DOMS ↔ |
No differences were reported in any of the variables investigated between conditions. |
Yassuda et al. (2015) [27] | 10 men (27±5years) | DOMS, Edema | AF | Uni | 1.2s | 20% of 1RM | 4 | Muscle failure | 180 s 30s |
160 mmHg | 3 | DOMS↑ (24,48,96h post) Edema↑ (0, 15min, 30 min. 60 min) |
DOMS↑(24,48,96h post) Edema↑ (0, 15min, 30 min. 60 min) |
No differences were reported in any of the variables investigated between conditions. |
Nielsen et al. (2017) [14] Study 1 (3 weeks) | 20 men (BFRE: 23±2 years; Control:24±3 years) | Macrófagos (pró e anti-inflamatórios) Tenascin-C | KE | Uni. | 1.5s | 20% of 1RM | 4 | Muscle failure | 30s | 100 mmHg | 13.5 | CD68+ / CD206 - ↑ (3 week post) CD68 + / CD206 + ↑ (3 week post) CD68-/CD206+ ↑ (8 days post) Tenascin-C ↔ |
CD68 + / CD206—MP↑ (3 week post) CD68 + / CD206 + ↔ CD68-/CD206+ ↑ (3 week post) Tenascin-C ↔ |
We have not identified statistical reports for comparison between groups. |
Brandner e Warmington (2017) [37] | 17 men (23±3 years) | DOMS | AF | Uni | 2s | 20% of 1 RM | 4 | 30x15x15x15 | 30s | 0.8 x bSBP | 10.5 | DOMS↑ (24,48h post) | DOMS ↔ | DOMS was higher 24,48,72h after BFRE. |
1.3 x bSBP | DOMS↑ (24,48,72h post) |
EX = Exercise; MT = Mode of training; TS = Training speed; CW = Cuff width; RT + BFR = Resistance training with blood flow restriction; CK = creatine kinase; IL-6 = Interleukin 6; MVC = maximum voluntary contraction; 1RM = 1 maximum repetition; LP = leg press; KE = knee extension; KF = knee flexion; AF = arm flexion; ECC = eccentric; CON = concentric; bSBP = braquial systolic blood pressure; AOP = arterial occlusion pressure; mmHg = millimeters of mercury; DOMS = Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness; PPT = pain–pressure threshold; ROM = Range of motion; BFRE = Exercise with restricted blood flow.