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. 2021 Jun 4;12:641620. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.641620

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Copyright © 2021 Loveland, Lank and Küpper.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the testicular expression of 14 genes associated with sex steroid metabolism and signaling, including inversion genes HSD17B2 and SDR42E1, for Independents (N = 13), Satellites (N = 7), and Faeders (N = 5). Each panel shows an LDA plot with its corresponding LD1 coefficients. (A) LD1 explained 92% of the variance in the full 14 gene dataset. Loading was most heavily influenced by the expression differences in ESR2 and SRD5A1 (negative loadings) and in HSD17B2 and LHR genes (positive loadings). (B) The separation between Independents and Satellites was lessened, but not completely lost, after the removal of the gene with the largest negative loading (ESR2), whereas alternatively, (C) removal of the gene with the largest positive loading (HSD17B2) still provides clear separation between these two morphs. (D) Removal of both ESR2 and HSD17B2 results in overlapping of Independents and Satellites along LD1, as in (B).