Table 1.

Description of the study sites.

Characteristics	Kaélé	Tibati	Bertoua	Santchou
Region name	Far north	Adamawa	East	West
Coordinates	10–50'36”N; 14–56'23”E	12–37'60'N; 12–37'60”E	4–34–30“N; 13–41–4”E	5–58'27”N; 9–58' 27'E
Domain	Sahelian zone	Sahelo-Sudanese (humid savannah)	Forest zone	Highland grassfields
Urban/rural	Rural	Rural	Urban	Rural
Altitude	340 m above sea	840 m above sea level	400 m above sea level	750 m above sea level
Climate	Sahelian	Tropical humid	Subtropical	Equatorial
Average temperature	33°C	28°C	26°C	23°C
Seasons	A long dry season (9 months) and a short rainy season	A dry and rainy season of similar length (6 months each)	4 seasons: two rainy and two dry	A long rainy season (8 months) and a short dry season (4 months)
Vegetation	Wooded Savanah	Grassy Savanah	Semi‐deciduous dense forest	Grassland
Main ethnic groups	Guiziga, Peulh, Moundang, Toupouri, Mafa	Peulhs, Tikar, Mboum, Gbaya, Haoussa	Beti, Hausa, Baka, Bamileké	Mbô, Bamileké, and Bamoun
Main activities	Commercial, fishing, farming	Cattle breeding, commercial	Civil servants, small business	Agriculture, small business
Religion	>90% Muslims	70% Muslims, 30% Christian	30% Muslim, 70% Christian	>80% Christian
Endemic stratum	Seasonal hyperendemic	Mesoendemic	Mesoendemic	Hypoendemic
Entomological inoculation rate	2.4–24.0 infected bites/person/month [24]	100 infected bites/person/year [25].	20–50 infected bites/person/year [12]	0.03–2.24 infected bites/person/month [26, 27]
Main malaria vectors	An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, An. funestus	An. gambiae, An. coluzzii	An. gambiae, An. coluzzii