Table 1.
The main milk-derived bioactive peptides and their reported activities.
| Milk proteins | Bioactive peptide sequence | Enzymes and LAB involved in their production | Reported activities | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-casein | Val-Pro-Pro |
Lactobacillus helveticus Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus |
ACE inhibition | (Donkor et al., 2007, Mohanty et al., 2016) |
| Ile-Pro-Pro | Lactobacillus helveticus | ACE inhibition | (Seppo et al., 2003) | |
| Lys-Val-Leu-Pro-Val-Pro-(Glu) | Lactobacillus helveticus | ACE inhibition | (Mohanty et al., 2016) | |
| Asp-Lys-Ile-His-Pro-Phe, Tyr-Gln-Glu-Pro- Val-Leu |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pepsin |
ACE inhibition | (Mohanty et al., 2016) | |
| Tyr-Gln-Glu-Pro-Val-Leu-Gly-Pro-Val-Arg-Gly-Pro-Phe-Pro-Ile-Ile-Val | Lactobacillus casei Shirota | ACE-inhibition Thrombin inhibition | (Rojas-Ronquillo et al., 2012) | |
| Leu-Asn-Val-Pro-Gly-Glu-Ile-Val-Glu | Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Asn-Ile-Pro-Pro-Leu-Thr-Gln-Thr-Pro-Val | ND | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Leu-Asn-Val-pro-Gly-Glu-IleVal-Glu | ND | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Pro-Pro-Leu-Thr-Gln-Thr-Pro-Val | ND | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Tyr–Gln–Glu–Pro–Val–Leu |
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus |
ACE inhibition | (Donkor et al., 2007) | |
| Phe-Phe-Va1-A1a-Pro-Phe-ProG1u-Va1-Phe-G1y-Lys (CEI12) | Trypsin and proline-specific endopeptidase | ACE inhibition Bradykinin potentiation | (Donkor et al., 2007) | |
| Phe-Phe-Val-Ala-Pro (CEl5) | Trypsin and proline-specific endopeptidase | ACE inhibition Bradykinin potentiation | (Donkor et al., 2007) | |
| Ala-Val-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Gln-Arg (CElβ7)' | Trypsin and proline-specific endopeptidase | ACE inhibition Bradykinin potentiation | (Donkor et al., 2007) | |
| Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile | ND | Opioid agonist activity ACE inhibition Immunomodulation |
(Nagpal et al., 2011) | |
| Tyr-Gln-Gln-Pro-Val-Leu-Gly-Pro-Val-Arg | ND | ACE inhibition Immunomodulation |
(Nagpal et al., 2011) | |
| Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro, Ala-Val-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Gln Arg,Thr-Thr-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp |
Lactobacillus GG Pepsin and trypsin |
Opioid agonist activity ACE inhibition Immunomodulation |
(Mohanty et al., 2016) | |
| k-casein | Ala–Arg–His–Pro–His |
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus |
ACE inhibition | (Donkor et al., 2007) |
| Val-Ile-Gly-Ser-Pro-Pro-Glu-Ile-Asn | Lactobacillus lactis ssp. cremoris | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Ser-Pro-Pro-Glu-Ile-Asn | Lactobacillus lactis ssp. cremoris | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Ala-Arg-His-Pro-His-Pro-His-Leu-Ser-Phe-met | Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus | Anti-oxidative activity | (Mohanty et al., 2016) | |
| Met-Ala-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Lys-Asn-Gln-Asp-Lys | ND | Antithrombotic activity | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Ser-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Ser-Tyr-OH | ND | Opioid antagonist activity | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| αS1-casein | Thr-Thr-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp | ND | ACE inhibition Immunomodulation |
(Gobbetti et al., 2000) |
| Tyr-Lys-Val-Pro-Gln-Leu | ND | ACE inhibition | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Arg-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Tyr-Leu | ND | Opioid agonist activity | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Tyr-Leu-Gly-Tyr-Leu-Glu | ND | Opioid agonist activity | (Gobbetti et al., 2000) | |
| Val-Ala-Pro-Phe-Pro-Glu-Val-Phe | Pepsin | ACE inhibition Anti-oxidative activity |
(Contreras et al., 2009) | |
| Arg-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Tyr | Pepsin | ACE inhibition Anti-oxidative activity |
(Contreras et al., 2009) | |
| αS2-casein | Tyr-Gln-Lys-Phe-Pro-Gln-Tyr | Pepsin | ACE inhibition Anti-oxidative activity |
(Contreras et al., 2009) |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme, LAB, lactic acid bacteria, ND, not determined.