Fig. 3.

Antitumor response via inducing a PD-1/L1 obstruction. ARNAX therapy enhances antitumor responses in conjunction with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Tumors fundamentally lack adjuvant due to which DCs remain immature state and fail to induce tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CTLs. ARNAX activates TLR3 in DCs to induce maturation and cross priming of TAA-specific CTLs in lymphoid tissues during the priming phase (left panel). PD-1/PD-L1 blockade boosts ARNAX-mediated CTL induction in the priming phase and gives a boost to tumor-infiltrating CTLs in the effector phase (Fig. 3)