Fig. 3.

Structural Equation Model: COVID-19 social isolation is indirectly linked to mental health through dysfunctional coping strategies. Note: CFI = .98; TLI = .97; RMSEA = .05; SRMR = .03. Standardized beta coefficients, standard error, and 95% confidence intervals are shown. Model includes ethnicity and education as covariates. The indirect paths through dysfunctional coping was significant (β = .08*, SE = .03, 95% CI [.01, .14]); the indirect paths through emotion-focused coping (β =  − .02, SE = .02, 95% CI [− .05, .02]) and problem-focused coping (β = .01, SE = .01, 95% CI [− .01, .03]) were not significant. The total effect was not significant (β = .10, SE = .06, 95% CI [− .01, .22]). CES-D = Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, CWS = Cambridge Worry Scale, PSS = Perceived Stress Scale, ISI = Insomnia Severity Index. *p < .05, **p < .01