Table 1.
Clinical and radiologic hallmarks of the primary cohorts
| Variables | Training cohort (n = 250) | Validation cohort (n = 106) | pInter | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVI- | MVI+ | pIntra | OR (95% CI) | MVI- | MVI+ | pIntra | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 54.12 (12.26) | 53.73 (9.89) | 0.823 | 0.997 (0.973, 1.022) | 54.51 (10.20) | 55.07 (11.73) | 0.900 | 0.913 (0.22, 3.792) | 0.627 |
| Sex (male/female) | 165/25 | 50/10 | 0.496 | 1.320 (0.594, 2.934) | 63/13 | 25/5 | 0.957 | 0.969 (0.313, 3.002) | 0.470 |
| BCLC (0/A stage) | 101/89 | 22/38 | 0.027 | 1.960 (1.079, 3.562) | 49/27 | 6/24 | < 0.001 | 7.259 (2.643, 19.940) | 0.643 |
| Child-Pugh (A / B stage) | 187/3 | 57/3 | 0.153 | 3.281 (0.644, 16.703) | 74/2 | 29/1 | 0.845 | 1.276 (0.111, 14.617) | 1.000 |
| HBV or HCVa | 24/166 | 7/53 | 0.840 | 1.095 (0.446, 2.684) | 9/67 | 5/25 | 0.511 | 0.672 (0.205, 2.198) | 0.834 |
| HBV-DNA loads (≤ 104/> 104) | 156/22 | 49/6 | 0.773 | 0.868 (0.333, 2.263) | 62/10 | 24/3 | 0.716 | 0.775 (0.196, 3.061) | 0.778 |
| AFP (≤ 20, 20–400, > 400 ng/mL) | 107/56/22 | 18/28/10 | 0.004 | 1.827 (1.211, 2.755) | 48/25/3 | 12/7/9 | 0.003 | 2.640 (1.405, 4.959) | 0.610 |
| DCP (≤ 40/> 40 mAU/mL) | 67/34 | 12/18 | 0.011 | 2.956 (1.277, 6.84) | 43/23 | 8/14 | 0.021 | 3.272 (1.197, 8.942) | 0.728 |
| TBIL (≤ 20.4/> 20.4 μmol/L) | 173/17 | 50/10 | 0.098 | 2.035 (0.877, 4.724) | 66/10 | 24/6 | 0.379 | 1.650 (0.541, 5.030) | 0.256 |
| TP (≤ 65/> 65 g/L)b | 46/144 | 21/39 | 0.102 | 0.593 (0.317, 1.109) | 14/62 | 4/26 | 0.531 | 1.468 (0.441, 4.882) | 0.047 b |
| APTT (≤ 31.3/> 31.3 s)b | 164/26 | 48/12 | 0.238 | 1.577 (0.741, 3.358) | 71/5 | 27/3 | 0.551 | 1.578 (0.353, 7.060) | 0.049 b |
| FIB (≤ 200/> 200 mg/dL)b | 58/132 | 23/37 | 0.261 | 0.707 (0.380, 1.295) | 16/60 | 6/24 | 0.904 | 1.067 (0.373, 3.051) | 0.027 b |
| Other laboratory indexes | / | / | > 1.000 | / | / | > 1.000 | > 0.050 | ||
| Tumor size (≤ 2/2–5 cm) | 112/78 | 23/37 | 0.006 | 2.310 (1.274, 4.189) | 51/25 | 7/23 | < 0.001 | 6.703 (2.536, 17.717) | 0.901 |
| T1HBP, mean (SD) | 456.94 (141.61) | 528.39 (173.34) | 0.007 | 1.003 (1.001, 1.005) | 440.28 (123.51) | 522.78 (205.95) | 0.040 | 1.004 (1.000,1.008) | 0.635 |
| T1pre, mean (SD) | 948.65 (260.27) | 1020.73 (270.45) | 0.079 | 1.001 (1.000, 1.002) | 951.96 (286.40) | 975.93 (230.20) | 0.681 | 1.000 (0.999,1.002) | 0.830 |
| Edge roughness, mean (SD) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.23 (0.15) | < 0.001 | 442.52 (22.78, 8597.07) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.12) | < 0.001 | 118262.81 (197.05, 70979058.40) | 0.227 |
| Typical MRI patterna | 21/169 | 6/54 | 0.819 | 1.118 (0.429, 2.914) | 8/68 | 1/29 | 0.257 | 3.412 (0.408, 28.533) | 0.819 |
| Peritumoral enhancement a | 172/18 | 27/33 | < 0.001 | 11.679 (5.781, 23.593) | 68/8 | 15/15 | < 0.001 | 6.317 (2.370, 16.843) | 0.783 |
| Peritumoral hypointensitya | 180/10 | 36/24 | < 0.001 | 12.0 (5.286, 27.244) | 67/9 | 19/11 | 0.005 | 4.310 (1.558, 11.924) | 0.205 |
| Capsule enhancement (intact/incomplete/absent) | 21/30/139 | 34/20/6 | < 0.001 | 0.180 (0.116, 0.278) | 13/6/57 | 9/13/8 | 0.001 | 0.408 (0.241, 0.689) | 0.836 |
Other laboratory indexes: α-L-fucosidase (≤ 40/> 40 U/L), carcinoembryonic antigen (≤ 5/> 5 ng/mL), carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (≤ 34/> 34 ng/mL), albumin (≤ 35/> 35 g/L), direct bilirubin (≤ 6.8/> 6.8 umol/L), alanine aminotransferase (≤ 50/> 50 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (≤ 40/> 40 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (≤ 125/> 125 U/L), r-glutamyltransferase (≤ 60/> 60 U/L), total bile acid (≤ 10/> 10 umol/L), platelet count (≤ 100 × 109/L/> 100 × 109/L), prothrombin time (≤ 13/> 13 s), thrombin time (≤ 21/> 21 s), hyaluronic acid (≤ 120/> 120 ng/mL), laminin (≤ 130/> 130 ng/mL), procollagen type III (≤ 15/> 15 ng/mL), type IV collagen (≤ 95/> 95 ng/mL)
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV-DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid of hepatitis B virus; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; DCP, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin; TBIL, total bilirubin: BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; TP, total protein; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; FIB, fibrinogen; T1PRE and T1HBP, defined as the signal intensity of tumor derived from the pre-contrast and hepatobiliary phase T1 maps, respectively
aAbsence/presence
pIntra: p value of univariate logistic regression analysis between the MVI+ and MVI− groups; p Inter: p value of the inter-cohort difference with chi-square test for categorical variables and independent samples t test for numeric variables
bpInter < 0.05: a significant difference between the training and validation cohorts, which was enrolled in the multivariate logistic regression analysis