Table 3:
Details of articles related to conspicuity aid on motorcycle scope only
| Authors | Conspicuity Aid Measures | Method/Study Design | Sample Size | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer & Williams (36) | DRH | Accident data | n/a | Vehicles with DRL involved in 3.2% fewer multiple-vehicle crashes than without DRL |
| Binder et al (37) | DRH | Real driving | 25 | DRL with modulating lights provide better conspicuity aid to the driver compared to normal and without DRL |
| Smither & Torrez (38) | DRH | Video clips | 150 | The effective detection of motorcycles is associated with motorcycle DRL and lighting |
| Pai (39) | DRH | Literature review | n/a | Lack of motorcycle conspicuity is one of the major causes of the crash |
| Rößger et al(30) | DRH | Video clips | 56 | Motorcycles with a T-shaped light configuration is more quickly identified |
| Cavallo & Pinto (40) | DRH | Image clips | 24 | Motorcycle detection is hampered by car DRL |
| Ledbetter et al (27) | DRH | Video clips | 100 | Motorcycles with headlights on and modulating headlights are more conspicuous |
| Mitsopoulos-Rubens & Lenné (41) | DRH | Driving simulator | 23 | Motorcycles with headlights on benefit drivers’ decision compared to headlights off |
| Cavallo & Pinto (28) | DRH | Image clips | 24 | Car DRLs have affected motorcycle detection in mix traffic scenarios |
| Mohd Khairudin et al (42) | DRH & DRT | Real driving | 15 | APL introduction may enhance motorcycle conspicuity especially for rear lamp position |
| de Craen et al (43) | Motorcycle Body | Accident data | n/a | No significant difference between dual-drivers and regular car drivers in terms of interaction and detection towards motorcycle |
| Mohd Khairudin et al (44) | DRH & DRT | Video clips | 52 | APL implementation improves motorcycle conspicuity |
| Davoodi & Hossayni (45) | DRH & DRT | Literature review | n/a | Motorcycle DRLs managed to reduce about 4 to 20% of motorcycle crash risk |
| Ranchet et al(29) | DRH | Image clips | 57 | Standard yellow configuration and the vertical yellow configuration improved motorcycle detectability |
| Crundall et al (4) | Motorcycle Body | Image clips | 60 | Perceptual training for motorcycle detection helps to improve driver safety |
| Costa et al (46) | Reflective Tape | Real driving | 16 | Reflective tape applied to the rear of a bicycle can increase bicycle conspicuity and safety at night |
| Lee & Sheppard (47) | Motorcycle Body | Image & Video clips | 17 | Error in judgment most likely to happen to motorcycles than other vehicles due to its size |
| Lee & Sheppard (9) | DRH | Image clips | 19 | Drivers judged it is less safe to pull out when approaching motorcycles had headlights on than off, regardless of the lighting conditions. Headlights do not affect judgments for cars. |