Table 1.

Definitions for levels of behavioral measurements, as used in this paper.

Term	Definition	References
Behavioral trait	Differences at the between-individual level in a single behavior that are consistent (repeatable) across time and/or context. Often termed ‘animal personality’ in the literature.	Sih et al.1
Behavioral syndrome	A suite of behavioral traits that are correlated at the between-individual level. Use of a multivariate approach allows partitioning of between-individual correlations from phenotypic and among-individual correlations.	Sih et al.1, Thys et al.99
Personality	The endogenous (but not immune to environmental influences) temperament or disposition of an individual, or the individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions. Personality is largely measured through self and peer ratings, and is most analogous to behavioral syndromes. Here personality is used exclusively to describe human-focused studies.	McCrae et al.100, Lee & Ashton101, McCrae & Costa102
Behavioral phenotypes	An individually expressed behavior or behavioral strategy, not necessarily repeatable (e.g., alternative mating strategies such as singer or satellite males).	Dominey103