Figure 1.
Application of exogenous electric field in ovo at E3 alters feather bud orientations collectively
EF was delivered parallel to the A-P axis (anode, top; cathode, bottom).
(A) Embryo exposed to EF at E3 and grown in ovo for 8 days (n = 20 × 103 chicken embryos). Feather bud reorientation toward the anode is evident. A′) Feather bud orientation and length are indicated by the arrows. Feather bud orientation is also indicated by the graph.
(B) Whole mount in situ hybridization after 7 days in ovo shows SHH RNA expressed in a normal distribution pattern within each feather bud. (B′) Higher magnification view of panel (B).
(C) Schematic diagram showing side and top views of how the electric field is delivered is delivered to skin explants in vitro showing the placement of the electrodes relative to the explant.
(D) Divergence from the original feather bud A-P axis is correlated with the voltage per centimeter applied.