Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the clinicopathological features of different AR-V7 status CRPC.
| Study | Year | Country | Study design | AR-V7 detection assay | Patients characteristics |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Patients (n) | Age (range) |
Gleason score (%) |
Tumor stage at diagnosis (%) | Baseline PSA (ng/ml) median | Baseline alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | Follow-up time(month) Median[] |
|||||
| Antonarakis [14] | 2017 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | ABT or ENZ | 53 CTC- | 70 | ≥8 (68.0%) | – | 13.7 | 80 | 28.7 |
| 113CTC+/ AR-V7- | 71 | ≥8 (60.0%) | – | 31.4 | 96 | 29.5 | ||||||
| 36 CTC+/ AR-V7+ | 70 | ≥8 (83.0%) | – | 92.0 | 120 | 11.2 | ||||||
| Del Re [44] | 2017 | Italy | prospective | Exosomal RNA | ENZ or ABT | 36 | 66 (51–81) |
≤7 (44%) ≥8 (53%) |
T1/T2 (8.0%) T3/T4 (36.0%) |
26.3 (0.63–4581) |
180 (49–917) |
9 (2.0–31.0) |
| Takeuchi T [45]. | 2016 | Japan | cohort study | Whole blood mRNA |
ENZ or ABT | 43 | 73 (59–88) |
≤7 (20.9%) ≥8 (72.1%) |
130 (5.3–9529) | |||
| Lee [46] | 2016 | Korea | retrospective | IHC | ADT | 3 | 70 (56–70) |
≥8 (100%) | T3/T4 (100%) | 8.78 (8.6–173.7) |
12 (11–33) |
|
| Sharp [38] | 2019 | USA | prospective | IHC | ENZ or ABT | 28 AR-V7+ | 69.0 (SD=7.5) | M1a (14%) M1b (82%) M1c (4%) |
87.5 (35.5–272.5) | 90.0 (63.5–176.8) | 25.2(20.9–46.2) | |
| 8 AR-V7- | 63.0 (SD=4.8) | M1a (3%) M1b (50%) M1c (4%) |
154.0 (8.9–238.3) | 90.0 (80.3–170.5) | 74.3(36.9-NA) | |||||||
| Wang [47] | 2018 | China | retrospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ or ABT | 36 | 56.2 (SD=8.6) | M0 (36%) M1 (64%) |
||||
| Tagawa [20] | 2019 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | Docetaxel or Cabazitaxel | 54 | 71 (53–84) | ≤6 (13.7%) 7 (25.5%) ≥8 (60.8%) |
N1 (51.9%) M1b (90.7%) M1c (40.7%) |
92.1 (2.4–1558) |
217.8 (SD=260.35) | |
| Antonarakis [13] | 2014 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | ABT | 31 | 69 (48–79) |
≤7 (26.7%) ≥8 (73.3%) |
T1/T2 (26.7%) T3/T4 (61.3%) |
37.8 (2.2–2045.0) |
118 (59–1348) |
4.6 (0.9–8.2) |
| ENZ | 31 | 70 (56–84) |
≤7 (40%) ≥8 (60%) |
T1/T2 (54.8%) T3/T4 (45.2%) |
44.3 (4.3–3204.2) |
108 (58–872) |
5.4 (1.4–9.9) |
|||||
| Steinestel [34] | 2015 | Germany | prospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ or ABT | 24 | 75 (53–87) |
≤7 (41.3%) ≥8 (58.7%) |
– | 96.5 (0.1–4282) |
– | – |
| Nakazawa [22] | 2015 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | NHT or chemotherapy | 14 | 65 (50–82) |
≤7 (92.9%) ≥8 (0%) |
58.7 (2.2–895) | 127 (52–838) |
11 (6–18) |
|
| Antonarakis [31] | 2015 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | Docetaxel or cabazitaxel | 37 | 67 (46–82) |
≤7 (17%) ≥8 (83%) |
T1/T2 (38.0%) T3/T4 (62.0%) |
126 (0.1–2270) |
161 (53–1243) |
7.7 (0.7–19.0) |
| Onstenk [32] | 2015 | Netherlands | prospective | CTC mRNA | Cabazitaxel | 29 | 70 (SD±7) |
– | – | 321 IQR (76–649) | 163 (106–375) |
7 (2–27) |
| Zhang [48] | 2011 | USA | retrospective | IHC | ADT | 42 | 63 (42–93) |
413.2 (0.15–7402) |
19.5 (1–92) |
|||
| Saylor [49] | 2016 | USA | retrospective | RNA ISH | ABT or ENZ | 12 | ||||||
| Zadra [23] | 2019 | USA | retrospective | Immune-fluorescence | ABT or ENZ | 55 | 55 | |||||
| Belderbos [43] | 2019 | Netherlands | prospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ, ABT or Cabazitaxel | 94 | 69 IQR (65–75) | 186 IQR (67–356) | ||||
| Cattrini [50] | 2019 | Italy | prospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ,ABT or Docetaxel | 39 | 72 (56–84) |
M1b (79.5%) M1c (17.9%) |
35.2 (0.33–4688) | |||
| Taplin [51] | 2019 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | Galeterone or ENZ | 953 | 72 (62–77) |
≤7 (43%) ≥8 (57%) |
M0 (58%) M1 (42%) |
15.5 IQR (8.98–31.70) |
50.04 IQR (25.56–88.08) |
|
| Sharp [52] | 2019 | UK/USA | prospective | CTC mRNA /IHC |
ENZ, ABT or Taxane | 95 CTC- | 71.0 IQR (66.8–75.6) | M1b (74.7%) M1c (17.9%) |
110.0 IQR (29–300.5) |
83.0 IQR (66.0–163.0) | ||
| 86 CTC+ ARV7- |
69.6 IQR (64.9–72.3) | M1b (86.1%) M1c (24.4%) |
147.0 IQR (51.0–345) |
111.5 IQR (76.3–200.5) |
||||||||
| 96 CTC+ ARV+ |
70.4 IQR (65.3–74.6) | M1b (84.4%) M1c (24.0%) |
244.5 IQR (109.3–746.8) |
180.0 IQR (93.8–346.0) |
||||||||
| Maillet [53] | 2019 | France | prospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ or ABT | 41 | 73 | ≥8 (56%) | M1 (29%) | 35 | 10.5 95%CI (8.7–13.7) | |
| Okegawa [54] | 2018 | Japan | retrospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ or ABT | 49 CTC− | 69 | ≥8 (81.6%) | 75.7 | 317 | ||
| 23 CTC+ AR-V7− |
71 | ≥8 (91.3%) | 71.5 | 323 | 20.7 (3.0–37.0) |
|||||||
| 26 CTC+ AR-V7+ |
72 | ≥8 (96.2%) | 79.1 | 378 | ||||||||
| Chung [19] | 2019 | USA | prospective | CTC mRNA | ENZ or ABT | 37 | 72 (67–79) |
≤7 (43.2%) 8 (8.1%) ≥9 (46%) |
N1 (64.9%) M1b (89.2%) M1c (27%) |
20.9 IQR (11.6–96.8) | 102.0 IQR (80.5–170.5) | 11.43 IQR (4.73–21.3) |
| Sieuwerts [55] | 2019 | Netherlands | prospective | CTC mRNA | Cabazitaxel | 52 | 69 (SD=7) |
209 IQR (72–510) | 174 IQR (98–339) | |||
| El-Heliebi [21] | 2018 | Austria Germany Netherlands Sweden |
prospective | CTC FISH | ENZ, ABT or Taxane | 31 | 70.5 (42–83) |
≤7 (38.7%) ≥8 (51.6%) |
T1/T2 (22.6%) T3/T4 (45.2%) |
48.81 (0.8–4623) |
||
IQR=inter quartile range; SD= standard deviation; AR-V7 =androgen receptor splice variant 7; CTC = circulating tumor cell; PSA = prostate specific antigen; ADT=androgen deprivation therapy;NHT = novel hormonal therapy; LHRH= luteinizing hormone releasing hormone;PCa = prostate cancer; CRPC= castration resistance prostate cancer; ABT= Abiraterone; ENZ= Enzalutamide; IHC= Immunohistochemistry.