Table 3.

Results of the Bivariate Analysis Performed Using Independent t-test Between Individual Participant Characteristic and Total Score

	Total Score Mean (SD)	t	Df	p-value
Gender		1.20	949	0.230
Male	12.18(5.00)
Female	11.81(4.37)
Presence of kidney disease		5.63	895	<0.001
Yes	14.66(3.69)
No	11.74(4.74)
Diabetes Mellitus		2.34	949	0.019
Yes	12.90(3.82)
No	11.85(4.81)
Hypertension		3.25	949	0.001
Yes	12.96(4.28)
No	11.75(4.78)
Heart disease		1.21	949	0.226
Yes	12.94(4.35)
No	11.96(4.71)
Stroke		1.36	949	0.175
Yes	13.91(3.48)
No	11.98(4.71)
Kidney failure		4.60	949	<0.001
Yes	13.35(4.00)
No	11.64(4.81)
Osteoarthritis		−0.08	949	0.933
Yes	11.97(4.32)
No	12.00(4.79)
Smoker		−1.72	815	0.085
Yes	11.42(4.98)
No	12.07(4.69)
Use of pain killer		1.15	949	0.252
Yes	12.34(4.20)
No	11.90(4.83)
Use of herbal medicines		−0/12	949	0.904
Yes	11.97(4.46)
No	12.00(4.79)