Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
MAPK signaling pathways. There are three tiers of protein kinases that compose each family of MAPKs: MAPKKK, MAPKK, and MAPK. The three main classes of MAPK include ERK1/2, JNK1/2/3, and p38. Stimuli can trigger Ca2+, PKC, Ras, Raf, MEK, and ERK1/2 to maintain proliferation and differentiation. Oxidative stress, UV irradiation, and cytokines can trigger JNK and p38 to activate the downstream molecules that promote apoptosis.
