Table 3.

Examples of physical spatiotemporal control of CRISPR gene editing

Control type	Cell or organism models	Edited gene	Key molecule/structure	Ref.
Light	HEK-293T cell, ZF4 cell, HeLa cell, E. coli	zebrafish ASCL1a and HSP70 gene, human GRIN2B gene, CD71 gene, the promoter of the human ASCL1 and IL1RN gene, mCherry reporter gene	photocleavable ssDNA oligonucleotide, dimeric fluorescent protein pdDronpa1, CIB1-CYR2-effector, pMag-nMag, Cas9-RsLOV2 monomers, photocaged lysine	28,136,137,139,140,142,145
Heat	HCT 116 cell, HEK-293T cell, A375 cell, C. elegans	Plk-l gene, GFP reporter gene, C. elegans somatic cell DPY-5, LON-2, and GFP gene	Phsp, APC, AuNPs, SPPF-Dex nanoparticles	18,55,146,147
Ultrasound	B16F10 cell, DPC cell, androgenic alopecia, mouse	GFP reporter gene, steroid type II 5-alpha-reductase gene	gold nanowires (AuNWs), microbubble conjugated nanoliposome (MB-NL)	149,150
Magnetic field	microglial (hμglia)/HIV (HC69) cell, Hepa 1-6 cell	HIV LTR gene, mouse VEGFR2 gene	magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENPs), magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP-BV)	9,36,160

HEK-293T cell human embryonic kidney 293T cell, ZF4 cell zebrafish embryonic fibroblast, DPC cell dermal papilla cell, GFP green fluorescent protein, CD71 cell surface transmembrane proteins gene, Plk-l gene gene for regulator of mitosis, APC a cationic polymer-coated Au nanorod, Phsp heat-shock-inducible promoter, AuNPs lipid encapsulated gold nanoparticles, SPPF-Dex NPs consists of alkyl side chains, dexamethasone (Dex), fluorinated polyethylenimine (PF) and PEG chains