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CSF and serum levels of autophagic elements. ATG5 (A), Beclin-1 (B), ATG7 (C), LC3 (D), ULK1 (E) WIPI2 (F), and TNF-α (G) levels in CSF and serum of patients with no inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND), healthy individuals (controls), and MS patients grouped according to MRI disease activity. MS Gd+: MRI-active MS; MS Gd-: MRI-inactive MS. Each point represents a single observation, including outliers. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.
