Fig. 3.

(A–C) The dominant population paths and fluxes on the population-potential landscape $U$ with different $\beta =0.34,0.36,0.38$ and $D=0.0005$. The white lines represent the dominant population paths from the savanna state to the forest state. The red lines represent the dominant population paths from the forest state to the savanna state. The white arrows represent the steady-state probability fluxes. (D) The dominant population paths and fluxes on the population-potential landscape $U$ with $\beta =0.38$ and $D=0.001$.