Fig. 2.

Generation of EVs from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The general processes required for release of bacteria-derived EVs are shown. (A) In Gram-negative bacteria, the budding from the outer membrane requires the removal of proteins that crosslink peptidoglycan to the lipid membrane. Membrane budding in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria requires generation of turgor pressure and is facilitated by membrane lipids that promote membrane curvature. (B) Gram-positive bacteria have the added requirement of remodeling of the peptidoglycan layer to allow transport of the EV through the cell wall. During this process, a selective set of proteins and nucleic acids are incorporated into the EVs. Figure created with BioRender.com