Table 1.
Main bioactive growth factors released by activated platelets in CGF and their potential functions on SCs
| Name | General function | Potential functions on SCs |
|---|---|---|
| Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 | A chemotactic and mitogenic factor | It promotes MSCs proliferation and ECM synthesis. It also is effective in the odontoblastic differentiation of MSCs [28]. |
| Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB | A chemotactic and mitogenic factor | It promotes the homing of MSCs. It stimulates MSCs, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis with a dose-dependent effect [29]. |
| Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 | Regulating the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of multiple cell types | It promotes osteogenic proliferation and differentiation of DPSCs and SCAPs and promotes alkaline phosphatase production [30, 31]. |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | A key regulator of endothelial cell proliferation and migration in angiogenesis | It improves the proangiogenic capability of DPSCs and PDLSCs through accelerating the differentiation of SCs into endothelial cells. |
| Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) | A family of secreted multifunctional proteins involved in bone formation and development | It promotes osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of SCs from different dental tissue sources. It also shows potential in inducing new bone formation and promoting the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts. |
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | A 53-amino acid peptide with roles in cell differentiation, migration, and apoptosis | It stimulates the osteogenic potential of DPSCs [32] and promotes BMSCs proliferation and migration. |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | A single-chain protein with mitogenic and angiogenic activities | It, as an effective homing/migration factor, promotes the migration of DPSCs. It also inhibits mineralisation and promotes neuronal differentiation of DPSCs [33]. |
Abbreviations: SCs stem cells, DPSCs dental pulp stem cells, SCAPs stem cells of the apical papilla, PDLSCs stem cells of the periodontal ligament, BMSCs bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells