Table 1.
Setting, outcomes assessed, and NPIs included in the studies.
| Authors and outcome(s) assessed | Setting | NPIs studied |
|---|---|---|
| Banholzer et al. (a)24 Confirmed cases |
20 countries: 15 EU countries, USA, Canada, Australia, Norway and Switzerland | (1) School closing / (2) Border closures / (3) Public event bans / (4) Gathering bans / (5) Venue closing / (6) Lockdowns prohibiting public movements without valid reason / (7) Work bans on non-essential business activities |
| Banholzer et al. (b)25 Confirmed cases |
20 countries: 15 EU countries, USA, Canada, Australia, Norway and Switzerland | (1) School closing / (2) Border closures / (3) Public event bans / (4) Gathering bans / (5) Venue closing / (6) Lockdowns prohibiting public movements without valid reason / (7) Work bans on non-essential business activities |
| Bo et al.17 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 190 countries | (1) Mandatory face mask in public / (2) Isolation or quarantine (3) Social distancing / (4) Traffic restrictions |
| Brauner et al.30 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 41 countries: 34 European and 7 non-European | (1–3) Gatherings limited to 1000/100/10 people or less / (4–5) Some/ All but essential shops closed / (6–7) Schools or universities closed / (8) Stay-at-home orders with exemptions |
| Chaudhry et al.46 Confirmed cases, recovered cases, critical cases and deaths per million |
Worldwide, 50 countries | (1) Travel restrictions: None/ Partial/ Complete border closure / (2) Containment measures: None/ Partial / Complete lockdown / (3) Curfew implemented (stay-at-home orders limited to specific hours) |
| Chernozhukov et al.39 Cases and deaths growth rate |
USA, all states | (1) Stay at-home / (2) Closed nonessential businesses / (3) Closed K-12 schools / (4) Face mask mandates for employees in public facing businesses |
| Courtemanche et al.42 Cases growth rate |
USA, 3138 counties | (1) Shelter-in-place orders / (2) Public school closing / (3) Bans on large social gatherings / (4) Closures of entertainment-related businesses |
| Deb et al.32 Confirmed cases and deaths |
Worldwide, 129 countries | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closing / (3) Public event cancellations / (4) Gathering restrictions / (5) Public transportation closures / (6) Stay-at-home orders / (7) Restrictions on internal movement / (8) International travel bans |
| Dreher et al.40 Reproduction number and case fatality rate |
USA, all states | (1) Stay-at-home orders / (2) Educational facilities closure / (3) Non-essential business closure / (4) Limitations on mass gatherings |
| Duhon et al.21 Case growth rate |
Worldwide, unclear number of territories | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closing / (3) Cancellation of public events / (4) Restrictions on gatherings / (5) Public transit closures / (6) Stay-at-home requirements / (7) Restrictions on internal movement / (8) International travel controls |
| Ebrahim et al.22 Case growth rate and reproduction number |
USA, 1320 counties | (1) Closure of nonessential workplaces / (2) Shelter-in-place/stay-at-home orders / (3) Enforcement of shelter-in-place or stay-at-home / (4) Size restrictions on public gatherings / (5) School closing / (6) Public transport closures / (7) Publicly available testing |
| Esra et al.27 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 26 countries and 34 US states | (1) Quarantine and isolation policies / (2) Limits on gatherings / (3) School closing (primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions) / (4) Mask policies / (5) Household confinements (stay-at-home-orders, shelter-in-place orders and lockdowns) |
| Flaxman et al.29 Reproduction number |
Europe, 11 countries | (1) Lockdown / (2) Cancel public events / (3) School closing / (4) Self-isolation / (5) Social distancing encouraged |
| Fountoulakis et al.28 Death rate |
Europe, 40 countries | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closing / (3) Public events ban / (4) Gathering ban / (5) Public transport closure / (6) Lockdown implementation / (7) Domestic travel ban / (8) International travel ban |
| Haug et al.47 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 79 territories, 56 countries | Different categories of NPIs in their hierarchical levels (42,151 measures) |
| Hsiang et al.15 Case growth rate |
China, South Korea, Italy, Iran, France, US | (1) Restricting travel / (2) Social distancing / (3) Quarantine and lockdown / (4) Additional policies |
| Hunter et al.44 Incident risk ratio of NPIs on the number of cases and deaths |
Europe, 30 countries | (1) Mass gathering restrictions / (2) Initial business closure / (3) Educational facilities closed / (4) Non-essential services closed / (5) Stay-at-home order / (6) Travel severely limited - none European country |
| Islam et al.33 Incidence rate ratio |
Worldwide, 149 countries | (1) Closures of schools / (2) Workplace / (3) Public transport / (4) Restrictions on mass gatherings and public events / (5) Restrictions on movement (stay-at-home regulations and restrictions on movements within a country) |
| Jalali et al.43 Case rates, mortality rates and case-fatality rates |
USA, 30 most populous counties and 10 most populous counties of CA, FL, NY and TX | 3 broad categories: (1) Restrictions on mass gatherings / (2) Stay-at-home orders / (3) Face mask requirements |
| Jüni et al.16 Epidemic growth |
Worldwide, 144 territories, (not China, South Korea, Iran, Italy) | (1) School closing / (2) Restrictions of mass gatherings / (3) Measures of social distancing |
| Koh et al.34 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 142 countries | (1) International travel controls (including screening, quarantine and bans on international movement) / (2) Restrictions on mass gatherings (including public event bans and size restrictions on gatherings) / (3) Lockdown-type measures (including workplace closure, internal movement restrictions) |
| Leffler et al.35 Mortality |
Worldwide, 200 countries | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closing / (3) Cancel public events / (4) estrictions on gatherings / (5) Close public transport / (6) Stay-at-home requirements / (7) Internal movement restrictions / (8) International travel restrictions / (9) Income support / (10) Public information campaigns / (11) Testing policy / (12) Contact tracing policy / (13) Public wearing of masks |
| Li et al. (a)23 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 131 countries | (1) Closure of schools / (2) Closure of workplaces / (3) Public events bans / (4) Restrictions on the size of gatherings / (5) Closure of public transport / (6) Stay-at-home orders / (7) Restrictions on internal movement / (8) Restrictions on international travel |
| Li et al. (b)26 Case growth rate and death case growth rate |
USA, all states | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closures / (3) Public event cancellations / (4) Public information campaigns / (5) Public transport closures / (6) Stay-at-home orders / (7) International/national travel controls |
| Liu et al.36 Reproduction number |
Worldwide, 130 countries | (1) Internal containment and closure (School and workplace closure, public event cancelation, limits on gathering sizes, public transport closure, stay-at-home requirement, internal movement restriction) / (2) International travel restrictions / (3) Economic policies / (4) Health systems policies (Public information campaign, testing policy, contact tracing) |
| Olney et al.31 Reproduction number |
USA, all states | (1) Social distancing encouraged / (2) Schools or universities closing / (3) Public events (ban for more than 100 people)/ (4) Lockdown / (5) Self-isolating ill / (6) Sports (public event ban of more than 1000 people) |
| Papadopoulos et al.37 Total cases and total deaths |
Worlwide, 137 countries | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closing / (3) Cancelling of public events / (4) Restriction on gatherings / (5) Closure of public transport / (6) Stay-at-home restrictions / (7) Domestic travel restrictions / (8) International travel restrictions / (9) Public information / (10) Testing framework / (11) Contact tracing |
| Piovani et al.45 Mortality |
OECD countries | (1) Mass gathering ban (more than 1000 people) / (2) School closures |
| Pozo-Martin et al.19 Case growth rate |
OECD countries | (1) School closing requirements / (2) Workplace closing requirements / (3) Public events cancelling requirements / (4) Restrictions on gatherings / (5) Public transport restrictions / (6) Stay-at-home requirements / (7) Restrictions on internal travel / (8) International travel controls / (9) Public health information campaigns / (10) Mask wearing requirements / (11) Testing policy / (12) Contact tracing policy |
| Siedner et al.41 Case growth rate and deaths growth rate |
USA, all states | (1) Social distancing measures (closures of schools, closures of workplaces, cancellations of public events, restrictions on internal movement, closures of state borders) / (2) Internal movement restrictions (shelter-in-place orders, lockdowns) |
| Stokes et al.49 Mortality rate |
Worldwide, 130 countries | (1) School closing / (2) Workplace closing / (3) Public event cancelling / (4) Gathering restrictions / (5) Public transport closure / (6) Stay-at-home requirements / (7) Restrictions on internal movement / (8) International travel controls / (9) Public information campaigns |
| Wibbens et al.18 Case growth rate |
40 territories: 17 countries and 23 US states | (1) Closing of schools / (2) Closing of workplaces / (3) Public event cancelling / (4) Gathering bans / (5) Public transport closure / (6) Shelter-in-place orders and home confinement / (7) Restrictions on internal movement / (8) Restrictions on international travel / (9) Public information campaigns / (10) Testing access / (11) Contact tracing |
| Wong et al.38 Cumulative incidence |
Worldwide, 139 countries | (1) School closure / (2) Workplace closure / (3) Public event cancelation / (4) Restrictions on gathering size / (5) Public transport closure / (6) Staying at home requirements / (7) Internal movement restrictions / (8) International travel restrictions / (9) Public information campaigns |
| Zhang et al.20 Case growth rate |
USA, all states | (1) Implementation of shutdowns / (2) Mask mandates |